Omphacite

 ( Inosilicates ) 

Omphacite is a member of the Pyroxene group of silicate minerals with formula: (Calcium, Sodium)(Magnesium, Iron²⁺, Aluminium)Silicon₂Oxygen₆. It is a variably deep to pale green or nearly colorless variety of Pyroxene. It normally appears in eclogite, which is the high-pressure metamorphic rock of basalt. Omphacite is the solid solution of Fe-bearing diopside and jadeite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic Crystal system with prismatic, typically Crystal twinning forms, though usually anhedral. Its space group can be P2/n or C2/c depending on the thermal history. It exhibits the typical near 90° pyroxene cleavage. It is brittle with specific gravity of 3.29 to 3.39 and a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6.

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Formation and occurrence Omphacite is the dominant phase in the Subduction oceanic crust in the Earth's upper mantle. The MORB, which makes up oceanic crust, goes through ultrahigh-pressure Metamorphic rock and transforms to eclogite at depth ~60 km in the Subduction. The major mineral components of eclogite include omphacite, garnet and high-pressure silica phases (coesite and stishovite). As depth increases, the omphacite in eclogite gradually transforms to Majorite. Omphacite is stable up to 500 km depth in the Earth's interior. Considering the cold geotherm of Subduction, omphacite can be stable even in deeper mantle.

It also occurs in blueschist facies and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks. It is also found in eclogite xenoliths from kimberlite as well as in crustal rocks metamorphosed at high pressures. Associated minerals in eclogites except the major minerals include rutile, kyanite, phengite, and lawsonite. Minerals such as glaucophane, lawsonite, titanite, and epidote occur with omphacite in blueschist facies metamorphic rocks. The name "jade", usually referring to rocks made of jadeite, is sometimes also applied to rocks consisting entirely of omphacite.

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Chemical composition

Omphacite is the solid solution of Fe-bearing diopside (CaMgSi₂O₆) and jadeite (NaAlSi₂O₆). Depending on how much the coupled substitution of (Na, Al)-(Mg-Fe, Ca) happens, the chemical composition of omphacite varies continuously from pure diopside to pure jadeite. Due to the relatively small radius of (Na, Al) atoms, the Unit Cell volume linearly decreases as jadeite component increases. In addition, the coupled substitution also stiffens the crystals. The Bulk modulus and Shear modulus modulus linearly increases as jadeite component increases.

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Space group

Although omphacite is the solid solution of diopside and jadeite, its space group may be different with them. The space group of diopside and jadeite is C2/c. However, omphacite can show both P2/n and C2/c space group. At low temperature, the partial coupled substitution of (Na, Al)-(Mg-Fe, Ca) in omphacite orders the atoms in the unit cell and makes omphacite shows a relatively low symmetry space group P2/n. As temperature increases, the movements of the atoms increase and finally the coupled substitution will not influence the order of the structure. When temperature reaches ~700–750 °C, the structure of omphacite becomes totally disordered and the space group will transform to C2/c. Natural omphacite may show C2/c structure even at room temperature if the omphacite crystal went through fast temperature decreasing.

Although the atomic positions in the two space groups have a subtle difference, it does not clearly change the physical properties of omphacite. The absolute Unit Cell are a little different for the two different space group, the compressibility and thermal expansion does not show obviously different within experimental uncertainties.

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Etymology and history

It was first described in 1815 in the Münchberg Metamorphic complex, Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. The name omphacite derives from the Greek language omphax or unripe grape for the typical green color.

Categories: Inosilicates, Calcium Minerals, Sodium Minerals, Magnesium Minerals, Iron Minerals, Aluminium Minerals, Monoclinic Minerals, Minerals In Space Group 13, Minerals In Space Group 15

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