Novocherkassk () is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located near the confluence of the Tuzlov and Aksay Rivers, the latter a distributary of the Don River. Novocherkassk is best known as the cultural capital of the Cossacks, and as the official capital of the Don Cossacks. Population:
History
Imperial era
Foundation
Although the first settlement in the region was founded by Temroqwa Idar,
[Khasht, Ali. Circassian Prince Temroqwa Idar.] the city of Novocherkassk was founded in 1805 by Lieutenant-general
Matvei Platov, the
Ataman of the
Don Cossacks, as the administrative center of the Don Host Oblast. It was established in reaction to the original administrative center, the
stanitsa of Cherkassk, being deemed unsuitable as the capital for the Don Cossacks for several reasons. Cherkassk was repeatedly flooded for long periods of time due to its low-lying location on the banks of the Don River, and attempts at constructing
levees to protect the town were found to be too costly and ineffective. Additionally, Cherkassk was prone to destructive fires due to its chaotic layout and wooden buildings, and was located far away from any major roads. Despite the fact that ten of the eleven representatives of the villages that were part of Cherkassk refused to move the capital, Platov still made a presentation to Tsar Alexander I asking him to allow the capital of the Don Cossacks to be moved to another location, and was granted permission in a
decree from the Tsar on August 23, 1804.
Plan as new capital of the Don Cossacks
Platov and the engineer François Sainte de Wollant developed Novocherkassk as a
planned city, deciding to build it on a location at the top of a hill known as the "
Wolf's Lair" to the north of Cherkassk, near the
confluence of the Tuzlov River and Aksay River. On November 7, 1804, De Wollant and Platov presented to Tsar Alexander a plan for the future of the city and an extensive report, in which the clearly embellished merits of the area chosen for construction were described. The city was designed in the popular traditions of European models of urban development, with spacious areas, wide avenues and
full of greenery. De Wollant, calling the future Novocherkassk "little
Paris" on the basis of numerous
town squares, each of which was supposed to feature a church, and to have streets beginning radially around each square. On December 31, 1804, after reviewing the plan and the report of Platov and De Wollant, Tsar Alexander personally inscribed: "To be according to this. Alexander". The construction of the city was slow, primarily because of the reluctance of most Don Cossacks to leave their homes in Cherkassk, and the new capital being from the River Don, with which the Cossacks were closely connected throughout its history. To compensate, there were even plans to deepen the Aksay River (a
distributary of the Don) where the new city was located to eventually alter the course of the Don through the city. This plan was abandoned due to lack of funds, and for more than three decades the question of the place of the capital of the Don Cossack remained unresolved, while growth of Novocherkassk stagnated.
By 1837, an alternative to transfer the capital to the village of Aksayskoy, which was also on a hill and near the Don, gained popularity. However, Tsar Nicholas I personally inspected Novocherkassk and the village of Aksayskoy that same year, and after returning to Saint Petersburg ordered the Don Cossacks to keep the capital in Cherkassk because of the difficulties and uselessness of the transfer. In the first half of the 19th century, Novocherkassk was built only as an army center, administrative buildings, guest yards, taverns, wine cellars, hotels, and generals and noblemen's houses. In the 1850s, industrialization reached Novocherkassk and industrial enterprises were formed, however only one-thousand of the city's twenty-thousand residents worked in them.
Soviet era
On the eve of the February Revolution, Novocherkassk had a population of about sixty thousand people, about twenty-five thousand of whom were serving Cossacks and their families, three thousand were
noblemen, and about five hundred were
clergymen. Novocherkassk, unlike many Russian cities at the time, had almost no permanent
merchants or
peasants. During the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922, Novocherkassk was the center of the
Don Army counter-revolution and came under the command of General
Alexey Kaledin. The
Red Army eventually defeated ousted the
White movement-aligned Don Army from Novocherkassk on January 7, 1920.
During World War II, the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany occupied Novocherkassk between July 24, 1942 and February 13, 1943. The city was chosen as the headquarters of the Don Army Group, headed by Erich v. Manstein in November of 42’.
On June 1–2, 1962, events known as the Novocherkassk massacre occurred when food riots and workers rights protests broke out following a labor strike at the locomotive factory, the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant, in the city. The protests were suppressed by troops of the Soviet Army, resulting in 26 protesters being killed and 87 being wounded.
On November 20, 1990, Andrei Chikatilo, one of the Soviet Union's most prolific , with 56 convicted murders, was arrested in Novocherkassk. On 14 February 1994, he was taken from his death row cell to a soundproofed room in Novocherkassk prison and executed with a single gunshot behind the right ear.[ Born to Kill in the USSR p. 197] He was buried in an unmarked grave at the prison cemetery.[ Андрей Чикатило: ″Я молю Бога, чтобы таких, как я, больше не было на земле!" Fakty.ua (in Russian)]
Recent history
On October 5–6, 1991, a meeting of the Grand Circle of the Union of Cossacks of the Don Military Region took place, where the status of the historical and modern center of the Don Cossacks was established in the city, officially making Novocherkassk the capital of the Don Cossacks. On July 17–18, 1993, a meeting of the United Supreme Circle of Cossack troops of Russia and abroad was held in
Moscow, where Novocherkassk was proclaimed the world capital of the Cossacks.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as
Novocherkassk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
[Law #340-ZS] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.
[Law #237-ZS]
Economy
Novocherkassk NEVZ ElektroVagon Plant, trains and locomotives.
Culture and religion
Novocherkassk was once an
episcopal see of the Greek Orthodox Church and has a huge neo-Byzantine cathedral (1904), as well as the Church of Our Lady of the Don (2013), St. George's Church and Sts. Constantine and Helen Church, the palace of the
ataman of the
Cossacks, and
to
Matvei Platov and
Yermak Monument (
Mikhail Mikeshin, 1904). During the bicentenary celebrations in September 2005 another monument, dedicated to the reconciliation of White and Red Cossacks, was opened in the presence of the members of the Romanov family.
In 1856, the Trinity Church was built, but later it was destroyed.
Saint Dimitry's Church is dedicated to Demetrius of Thessaloniki, it was built in 1859.
Cinemas
Monuments
-
Horse Monument to Platov
-
Monument to Yakov Baklanov
Buildings
Twin towns – sister cities
Novocherkassk is
Sister city with:
-
Iserlohn, Germany
-
Levski, Bulgaria
-
Novi Bečej, Serbia
-
La Valette-du-Var, France
Notable people
-
Andrey Esipenko (born 2002), chess grandmaster
-
Witold Łokuciewski (1917–1990), Polish fighter ace renowned for flying in the 303rd Squadron during the Battle of Britain.
-
Yuriy Sedykh (born 1955), hammer thrower; a World and Olympic Champion holding the world record with a throw of 86.74 m.
-
Valerian Zorin (1902–1986), Soviet diplomat and ambassador, and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs
-
Alexey Kaledin, Cossack general who fought for the Tsarist Army during the First World War died by his own hand in 1918.
Notes
Sources
