Product Code Database
Nodosauridae is a family of known from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous periods in what is now Asia, Europe, North America, and possibly South America. While traditionally regarded as a monophyletic clade as the sister taxon to the Ankylosauridae, some analyses recover it as a paraphyletic grade leading to the ankylosaurids.
The clade Nodosauridae was first informally defined by Paul Sereno in 1998 as "all ankylosaurs closer to Panoplosaurus than to Ankylosaurus," a definition followed by Vickaryous, Teresa Maryańska, and Weishampel in 2004. Vickaryous et al. considered two Genus of nodosaurids to be of uncertain placement ( incertae sedis): Struthiosaurus and Animantarx, and considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be Cedarpelta.
Following the publication of the PhyloCode, Nodosauridae needed to be formally defined following certain parameters, including that the type genus Nodosaurus was required as an internal specifier. In formally defining Nodosauridae, Madzia and colleagues followed the previously established use for the clade, defining it as the largest clade including Nodosaurus textilis but not Ankylosaurus magniventris. As all phylogenies referenced included both Panoplosaurus and Nodosaurus within the same group relative to Ankylosaurus, the addition of another internal specifier was deemed unnecessary.
Nodosauridae is traditionally composed of the basal clade Polacanthinae (sometimes recovered outside of the Nodosauridae), as well as the Panoplosaurini and Struthiosaurini within the Nodosaurinae. Nodosaurinae is defined in the PhyloCode as "the largest clade containing Nodosaurus textilis, but not Hylaeosaurus armatus, Mymoorapelta maysi, and Polacanthus foxii". Panoplosaurini is defined in the PhyloCode as "the largest clade containing Panoplosaurus mirus, but not Nodosaurus textilis and Struthiosaurus austriacus" while Struthiosaurini has a similar definition of "the largest clade containing Struthiosaurus austriacus, but not Nodosaurus textilis and Panoplosaurus mirus". Topology A below demonstrates these relationships, following the phylogenetic analyses of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues (2018), with clade names added by definition from Madzia et al. (2021). However, in 2023, Raven and colleagues proposed an alternate phylogeny for nodosaurids; instead of the traditional dichotomous split between nodosaurids and ankylosaurids, their analyses resulted in a paraphyletic grade of these taxa comprising the monophyletic clades Panoplosauridae, Polacanthidae and Struthiosauridae. These results are displayed in Topology B below. Corresponding clades are shown in matching colors for clarity, and ⊞ buttons can be clicked to expand nodes:
Nodosaurinae is defined as the largest clade containing Nodosaurus textilis but not Hylaeosaurus armatus, Mymoorapelta maysi, or Polacanthus foxii, and was formally defined in 2021 by Madzia and colleagues, who utilized the name of Othenio Abel in 1919, who created the term to unite Ankylosaurus, Hierosaurus and Stegopelta. The name has been significantly refined in content since Abel first used it to unite all quadrupedal, plate-armoured ornithischians, now including a significant number of taxa from the Early Cretaceous through Maastrichtian of Europe, North America, and Argentina. Previous informal definitions of the group described the clade as all taxa closer to Panoplosaurus, or Panoplosaurus and Nodosaurus, than to the early ankylosaurs Sarcolestes, Hylaeosaurus, Mymoorapelta or Polacanthus, which was reflected in the specifiers chosen by Madzia et al. when formalizing the clade following the PhyloCode. The 2018 phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Panoplosaurini by Madzia et al., in addition to the supplemental analyses of Thompson et al. (2012), Arbour and Currie (2016), Arbour et al. (2016), and Brown et al. (2017).
Panoplosaurini is defined as the largest clade containing Panoplosaurus mirus, but not Nodosaurus textilis or Struthiosaurus austriacus, and was named in 2021 by Madzia and colleagues for the group found in many previous analyses, both morphological and phylogenetic. Panoplosaurini includes not only the Late Cretaceous Panoplosaurus, Denversaurus and Edmontonia, but also the mid Cretaceous Animantarx and Texasetes, as well as Patagopelta. However, in the study describing it, its authors only placed it as a nodosaurine outside Panoplosaurini. The approximately equivalent clade Panoplosaurinae, named in 1929 by Franz Nopcsa, but was not significantly used until Robert Bakker reused the name in 1988, alongside the new clades Edmontoniinae and Edmontoniidae, which were considered to unite Panoplosaurus, Denversaurus and Edmontonia to the exclusion of other ankylosaurs. As none of the clades were commonly used, or formally named following the PhyloCode, Madzia et al. named Panoplosaurini instead, as the group of taxa fell within the clade Nodosaurinae, and having the same -inae suffix on both parent and child taxon could be confusing in future. The 2018 phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Panoplosaurini by Madzia et al., in addition to the supplemental analyses of Arbour et al. (2016), Brown et al. (2017), and Zheng et al. (2018).
Struthiosaurini is defined as the largest clade containing Struthiosaurus austriacus, but not Nodosaurus textilis or Panoplosaurus mirus, and was named in 2021 by Madzia and colleagues for the relatively stable group found in many previous analyses. Struthiosaurini includes not only the Late Cretaceous European Struthiosaurus, but also the Early Cretaceous European Europelta, the Late Cretaceous European Hungarosaurus, and Stegopelta and Pawpawsaurus from the mid Cretaceous of North America. The approximately equivalent clade Struthiosaurinae, named in 1923 by Franz Nopcsa was previously used to include European nodosaurids, but was never formally named following the PhyloCode, so Madzia et al. named Struthiosaurini instead, as the group of taxa fell within the clade Nodosaurinae, and having the same -inae suffix on both parent and child taxon could be confusing in future. The 2018 phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Struthiosaurini by Madzia et al., in addition to the supplemental analyses of Arbour et al. (2016), Brown et al. (2017), and Zheng et al. (2018).
Some ankylosaurs, including the Antarctican Antarctopelta and Argentinian Patagopelta, were originally regarded as belonging to the Nodosauridae, but later analyses provided support for them belonging to the Parankylosauria, a separate lineage of basal ankylosaurs restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.
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#legends
id:triassic value:rgb(0.51,0.17,0.57)
id:jurassic value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79)
id:earlyjurassic value:rgb(0,0.69,0.89)
id:middlejurassic value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91)
id:latejurassic value:rgb(0.74,0.89,0.97)
id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31)
id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65)
id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37)
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:NAM5
bar:NAM6
bar:NAM7
bar:NAM8
bar:NAM9
bar:NAM10
bar:NAM11
bar:NAM12
bar:NAM13
bar:NAM14
bar:NAM15
bar:NAM16
bar:NAM17
bar:NAM18
bar:NAM19
bar:NAM20
bar:NAM21
bar:NAM22
bar:NAM23
bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
shift:(7,-4)
bar:eratop
from: -175.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]]
from: -145.5 till: -66.0 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]]
from: -66.0 till: -55.8 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
bar:periodtop
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:[[Middle|Middle Jurassic]]
from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:[[Late|Late Jurassic]]
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:[[Early|Early Cretaceous]]
from: -99.6 till: -66.0 color:latecretaceous text:[[Late|Late Cretaceous]]
from: -66.0 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleo.|Paleocene]]
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
color:triassic bar:NAM1 from:-166 till:-164 text:[[Sarcolestes]]?
color:triassic bar:NAM2 from:-157 till:-153 text:[[Gargoyleosaurus]]
color:triassic bar:NAM3 from:-157 till:-145 text:[[Mymoorapelta]]?
color:triassic bar:NAM4 from:-145 till:-100 text:[[Taohelong]]
color:triassic bar:NAM5 from:-137 till:-134 text:[[Hylaeosaurus]]?
color:triassic bar:NAM6 from:-131 till:-126 text:[[Polacanthus]]
color:triassic bar:NAM7 from:-131 till:-113 text:[[Sauroplites]]
color:triassic bar:NAM1 from:-128 till:-126 text:[[Gastonia|Gastonia burgei]]
color:triassic bar:NAM2 from:-128 till:-126 text:[[Horshamosaurus]]
color:triassic bar:NAM3 from:-128 till:-126 text:[[Hoplitosaurus]]
color:triassic bar:NAM1 from:-113 till:-94 text:[[Dongyangopelta]]
color:triassic bar:NAM2 from:-105 till:-100 text:[[Anoplosaurus]]
color:triassic bar:NAM3 from:-97 till:-95 text:[[Acanthopholis]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM8 from:-118 till:-108 text:[[Sauropelta]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM9 from:-118 till:-108 text:[[Tatankacephalus]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM10 from:-116 till:-113 text:[[Propanoplosaurus]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM11 from:-113 till:-108 text:[[Priconodon]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM12 from:-113 till:-100 text:[[Silvisaurus]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM13 from:-112 till:-107 text:[[Borealopelta]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM14 from:-100 till:-94 text:[[Zhejiangosaurus]]?
color:jurassic bar:NAM15 from:-100 till:-94 text:[[Nodosaurus]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM16 from:-99 till:-96 text:[[Peloroplites]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM8 from:-86 till:-84 text:[[Acantholipan]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM9 from:-86 till:-84 text:[[Niobrarasaurus]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM10 from:-84 till:-75 text:[[Danubiosaurus]]?
color:jurassic bar:NAM11 from:-84 till:-75 text:[[Rhadinosaurus]]?
color:jurassic bar:NAM12 from:-81 till:-79 text:[[Invictarx]]
color:jurassic bar:NAM13 from:-75 till:-74 text:[[Ahshislepelta]]?
color:jurassic bar:NAM14 from:-72 till:-70 text:[[Glyptodontopelta]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM17 from:-113 till:-108 text:[[Europelta]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM18 from:-103 till:-100 text:[[Pawpawsaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM19 from:-97 till:-95 text:[[Stegopelta]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM17 from:-86 till:-84 text:[[Hungarosaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM18 from:-84 till:-66 text:[[Struthiosaurus]]
color:paleogene bar:NAM20 from:-103 till:-100 text:[[Texasetes]]
color:paleogene bar:NAM21 from:-99 till:-96 text:[[Animantarx]]
color:paleogene bar:NAM21 from:-77 till:-72 text:[[Edmontonia]]
color:paleogene bar:NAM22 from:-76 till:-75 text:[[Panoplosaurus]]
color:paleogene bar:NAM23 from:-68 till:-66 text:[[Denversaurus]]
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
bar:period
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:[[Middle|Middle Jurassic]]
from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:[[Late|Late Jurassic]]
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:[[Early|Early Cretaceous]]
from: -99.6 till: -66.0 color:latecretaceous text:[[Late|Late Cretaceous]]
from: -66.0 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleo.|Paleocene]]
bar:era
from: -175.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]]
from: -145.5 till: -66.0 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]]
from: -66.0 till: -55.8 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
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