Nowruz (, , ) is the Iranian or Persian New Year.[*"They celebrate the new year, which they call Chār shanba sur, on the first Wednesday of April, slightly later than the Iranian new year, Now-Ruz, on 21 March. (...) . The fact that Kurds celebrate the Iranian new year (which they call 'Nawrôz' in Kurdish) does not make them Zoroastrian" – Richard Foltz (2017). "The 'Original' Kurdish Religion? Kurdish Nationalism and the False Conflation of the Yezidi and Zoroastrian Traditions". Journal of Persianate Studies. Volume 10: Issue 1. pp. 93, 95
]
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"On March 20, 2009, newly-elected us president Barack Obama, speaking on the occasion of the Iranian New Year, struck a conciliatory note by twice (...)" – Navid Pourmokhtari (2014). "Understanding Iran’s Green Movement as a 'movement of movements. Sociology of Islam. Volume 2: Issue 3–4. p. 153
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"On the occasion of Nowruz 2017 (the Iranian New Year’s Festival celebrated in many countries by various populations) it launched a 'social dialogue initiative' to promote encounters between all components of Iraqi society" – Del Re, E. C. (2019). Minorities and Interreligious Dialogue: From Silent Witnesses to Agents of Change. In Volume 10: Interreligious Dialogue. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill
[* "Nowruz, 'New Day', is a traditional ancient festival which celebrates the starts of the Persian New Year. It is the holiest and most joyful festival of the Zoroastrian year." – Mary Boyce, A. Shapur Shahbazi and Simone Cristoforetti. "NOWRUZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online[1]
"In advance of Nowruz (the Persian New Year holiday), the Varamin Mīrās̱ and Awqāf announced the closure of a total of eight emāmzādehs in Varamin and (...)" – Keelan Overton and Kimia Maleki (2021). "The Emamzadeh Yahya at Varamin: A Present History of a Living Shrine, 2018–20". Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World. Volume 1: Issue 1–2. p. 137
"The custom of the 'false emir' or 'Nowruz ruler' leading a procession through the city has been traced back to pre-Islamic Nowruz, the traditional Persian New Year." – Michèle Epinette (2014). "MIR-E NOWRUZI" (). Encyclopædia Iranica Online.
"Karimov brought back the very popular Persian New Year, Navro’z (Nowruz) and introduced entirely new commemorative events such as Flag Day, Constitution Day and (...)" – Michal Fux and Amílcar Antonio Barreto. (2020). "Towards a Standard Model of the Cognitive Science of Nationalism – the Calendar". Journal of Cognition and Culture. Volume 20: Issue 5. p. 449] Historically, it has been observed by Iranian peoples,
The roots of Nowruz lie in Zoroastrianism, and it has been celebrated by many peoples across West Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Black Sea Basin, the Balkans, and South Asia for over 3,000 years.
For the Northern Hemisphere, Nowruz marks the beginning of spring.
Overview
The first day of the
Iranian calendar falls on the
March equinox, the first day of spring, around 21 March. In the 11th century AD the Iranian calendar was reformed by
Omar Khayyam in order to fix the beginning of the calendar year, i.e. Nowruz, at the vernal equinox. Accordingly, the definition of Nowruz given by the Iranian astronomer Tusi was the following: "the first day of the official New Year Nowruz was always the day on which the sun entered Aries before noon."
[R. Abdollahy, Calendars ii. Islamic period , in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 4, London & New York, 1990.] Nowruz is the first day of
Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian solar calendar, which is the official calendar in use in
Iran, and formerly in
Afghanistan.
The United Nations officially recognized the "International Day of Nowruz" with the adoption of Resolution 64/253 by the United Nations General Assembly in February 2010.
Etymology
The word is a combination of the Persian words نو (now, meaning 'new') and روز (ruz, 'day'). Historically, the word was vocalized in Classical Persian as , and in
Middle Persian as .
The modern pronunciation varies among Persian dialects, with Dari and Tajiki (the eastern dialects) using the pronunciations and respectively, and Iranian Persian (the western dialect) using (in particular in the
Tehrani accent: ). A variety of spellings for the word
Nowruz exist in English-language usage, including
Norooz,
Novruz,
Nowruz,
Navruz,
Nauruz and
Newroz.
[Random House dictionary (unabridged), 2006 (according to Dictionary.reference.com ).][Elien, Shadi, " Is the Persian New Year spelled Norouz, Nowruz, or Nauruz? ", The Georgia Straight, 17 March 2010.]
Spring equinox calculation
Nowruz's timing is based on the
March equinox. In Iran, it is the day of the new year in the Solar Hijri algorithmic calendar, which is based on precise astronomical observations, and moreover use of sophisticated intercalation system, which makes it more accurate than its European counterpart, the Gregorian calendar.
Each 2820-year great grand cycle contains 2,137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with the average year length over the great grand cycle 365.24219852. This average is just 0.00000026 (2.6×10−7) of a dayslightly more than 1/50 of a secondshorter than Simon Newcomb's value for the mean tropical year of 365.24219878 days, but differs considerably more from the current average vernal equinox year of 365.242362 days, which means that the new year, intended to fall on the vernal equinox, would drift by half a day over the course of a cycle.
Chaharshanbe Suri
, Iran, 2021]]Chaharshanbe Suri ( () is a prelude to the
New Year. In Iran, it is celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz. It is usually celebrated in the evening by performing rituals such as jumping over
and lighting off
and
fireworks.
In Azerbaijan, where the preparation for Novruz usually begins a month earlier, the festival is held every Tuesday during four weeks before the holiday of Novruz. Each Tuesday, people celebrate the day of one of the four elementswater, fire, earth and wind.
Iranians sing the poetic line "my yellow is yours, your red is mine", which means "my weakness to you and your strength to me" () to the fire during the festival, asking the fire to take away ill-health and problems and replace them with warmth, health, and energy. Trail mix and berries are also served during the celebration.
Spoon banging (قاشق زنی, qāšoq zani) is a tradition observed on the eve of Charshanbe Suri, similar to the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. In Iran, people wear and go door-to-door banging spoons against plates or bowls and receive packaged snacks. In Azerbaijan, children slip around to their neighbors' homes and apartments on the last Tuesday prior to Novruz, knock at the doors, and leave their caps or little basket on the thresholds, hiding nearby to wait for candies, pastries and nuts.
The ritual of jumping over fire has continued in Armenia in the feast of Trndez, which is a feast of purification in the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church, celebrated forty days after Jesus's birth.[Marshall, Bonnie C.: Tashjian, Virginia A, The Flower of Paradise and Other Armenian Tales Libraries Unlimited 2007 p. xxii]
Sizdah Be-dar
In Iran, the Nowruz holidays last thirteen days. On the thirteenth day of the New Year, Iranians leave their houses to enjoy nature and
picnic outdoors, as part of the Sizdah Bedar ceremony. The greenery grown for the
Haft-sin setting is thrown away, usually into running water. It is also customary for young single people, especially young girls, to tie the leaves of the greenery before discarding it, expressing a wish to find a partner. Another custom associated with Sizdah Bedar is the playing of jokes and pranks, similar to April Fools' Day.
History
Origin in the Iranian religions
There exist various foundation myths for Nowruz in Iranian mythology.
The Shahnameh credits the foundation of Nowruz to the mythical Iranian King Jamshid, who saves mankind from a winter destined to kill every living creature.
Although it is not clear whether Proto-Indo-Iranians celebrated a feast as the first day of the calendar, there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.[ A History of Zoroastrianism: Under the Achaemenians
By Mary Boyce, Frantz Grenet. Brill, 1982
, pp. 3–4]
Nowruz is partly rooted in the tradition of Iranian religions, such as Mithraism and Zoroastrianism. In Mithraism, festivals had a deep linkage with the Sun's light. The Iranian festivals such as Mehregan (autumnal equinox), Tirgan, and the eve of Chelle ye Zemestan (winter solstice) also had an origin in the Sun god (Mithra). Among other ideas, Zoroastrianism is the first monotheistic religion that emphasizes broad concepts such as the corresponding work of good and evil in the world, and the connection of humans to nature. Zoroastrian practices were dominant for much of the history of ancient Iran. In Zoroastrianism, the seven most important Zoroastrian festivals are the six Gahambars festivals and Nowruz, which occurs at the spring equinox. According to Mary Boyce,[Boyce, M. "Festivals. i. Zoroastrian" . Encyclopaedia Iranica.] Between sunset on the day of the sixth Gahambar and sunrise of Nowruz, Hamaspathmaedaya (later known, in its extended form, as Frawardinegan; and today is known as Farvardigan) was celebrated. This and the Gahambars are the only festivals named in the surviving text of the Avesta.
The 10th-century scholar Biruni, in his work Kitab al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sina'at al-Tanjim, provides a description of the calendars of various nations. Besides the Iranian calendar, various festivals of Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Sabians, and other nations are mentioned in the book. In the section on the Iranian calendar, he mentions Nowruz, Sadeh, Tirgan, Mehrgan, the six Gahambars, Farvardigan, Bahmanja, Esfand Armaz and several other festivals. According to him, "It is the belief of the Iranians that Nowruz marks the first day when the universe started its motion."[برگرفته از: "گنجينهي سخن"، تأليف دكتر ذبيح الله صفا، انتشارات اميركبير، 1370، جلد يكم، ص 292] The Persian historian Gardizi, in his work titled Zayn al-Akhbār, under the section of the Zoroastrians festivals, mentions Nowruz (among other festivals) and specifically points out that Zoroaster highly emphasized the celebration of Nowruz and Mehrgan.[Gardīzī, Abu Saʿīd ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy b. Żaḥḥāk b. Maḥmūd in Encyclopedia Iranica by C. Edmund Bosworth Iranica on line ][Tārīkh-i Gardīzī / taʾlīf, Abū Saʻīd ʻAbd al-Ḥayy ibn Zahāk ibn Maḥmūd Gardīzī ; bih taṣḥīḥ va taḥshiyah va taʻlīq, ʻAbd al-Ḥayy Ḥabībī. Tihrān : Dunyā-yi Kitāb, 1363 1984. excerpt from p. 520:
rtl=yes]
Achaemenid period
Although the word
Nowruz is not recorded in
Achaemenid inscriptions,
there is a detailed account by
Xenophon of a Nowruz celebration taking place in Persepolis and the continuity of this festival in the Achaemenid tradition.
[Christopher Tuplin; Vincent Azoulay, Xenophon and His World: Papers from a Conference Held in Liverpool in July 1999, Published by Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, , p. 148.] Nowruz was an important day during the Achaemenid Empire (). Kings of the different Achaemenid nations would bring gifts to the King of Kings. The significance of the ceremony was such that King
Cambyses II's appointment as the king of
Babylon was legitimized only after his participation in the referred annual Achaemenid festival.
Celebrations at Persepolis
It has been suggested that the famous
Persepolis complex, or at least the palace of
Apadana and the Hundred Columns Hall, were built for the specific purpose of celebrating a feast related to Nowruz.
Iranian and Jewish calendars
In 539 BC, the Jews came under Iranian rule, thus exposing both groups to each other's customs. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the story of
Purim as told in the Book of Esther is adapted from an Iranian novella about the shrewdness of harem queens, suggesting that Purim may be an adoption of Iranian New Year.
A specific novella is not identified and Encyclopedia Britannica itself notes that "no Jewish texts of this genre from the Persian period are extant, so these new elements can be recognized only inferentially." Purim is celebrated the 14 of
Adar, usually within a month before Nowruz (as the date of Purim is set according to the
Jewish calendar, which is
lunisolar), while Nowruz occurs at the spring equinox. It is possible that the Jews and Iranians of the time may have shared or adopted similar customs for these holidays.
The Lunar new year of the Middle East occurs on 1
Nisan, the
new moon of the first month of spring, which usually falls within a few weeks of Nowruz.
Legacy in Persian literature
In his
Shahnameh, the tenth-century poet
Ferdowsi narrates a fictional account of
Darius III's death, where an injured Darius, with his head cradled on Alexander the Great’s thigh, asks Alexander to wed
Roxana, so their children might uphold Nowruz and keep the flame of Zoroaster burning:
Parthian and Sasanian periods
Nowruz was the holiday of
Parthian Empire dynastic empires who ruled Iran (248 BC–224 AD) and the other areas ruled by the Arsacid dynasties outside of
Parthia (such as the Arsacid dynasties of Armenia and Iberia). There are specific references to the celebration of Nowruz during the reign of
Vologases I (51–78 AD), but these include no details.
Before
Sassanians established their power in Western Asia in 224 – 226 AD, Parthians celebrated Nowruz in autumn, and the first of
Farvardin began at the autumn equinox. During the reign of the Parthian dynasty, the spring festival was
Mehregan, a
Zoroastrian and Iranian festival celebrated in honor of
Mithra.
[John R. Hinnells, "Mithraic studies: proceedings", Edition: illustrated, Published by Manchester University Press ND, 1975, , p. 307]
Extensive records on the celebration of Nowruz appear following the accession of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD). Under the Sassanid emperors, Nowruz was celebrated as the most important day of the year. Most royal traditions of Nowruz, such as royal audiences with the public, cash gifts, and the pardoning of prisoners, were established during the Sassanid era and persisted unchanged until modern times.
Arab conquest and Islamization of Persia
Nowruz, along with the mid-winter celebration
Sadeh, survived the Muslim conquest of Persia of 650 CE. Other celebrations such as the
Gahambars and
Mehrgan were eventually side-lined or only observed by
Zoroastrians. Nowruz became the main royal holiday during the
Abbasid period. Much like their predecessors in the Sasanian period,
would offer gifts to the caliphs and local rulers at the Nowruz and Mehragan festivals.
[ DEHQĀN iranicaonline.org]
Following the demise of the caliphate and the subsequent re-emergence of Iranian dynasties such as the Samanids and Buyids, Nowruz became an even more important event. The Buyids revived the ancient traditions of Sassanian times and restored many smaller celebrations that had been eliminated by the caliphate. The Iranian Buyid ruler 'Adud al-Dawla (r. 949–983) customarily welcomed Nowruz in a majestic hall, decked with gold and silver plates and vases full of fruit and colorful flowers.
Later Turkic peoples and Mongol invaders did not attempt to abolish Nowruz.
In 1079 CE during the Seljuq dynasty era, a group of eight scholars led by astronomer and polymath Omar Khayyam calculated and established the , computing the year starting from Nowruz.
The festival along with Mehregan was widely celebrated in Al-Andalus, as the Andalusians from the 9th century onwards strongly identified with many Iranian traditions despite the opposition from the Maliki school. Also, from the 10th century onwards the nobility, emirs and governors sponsored the celebrations and festivals. However, the jurists beginning from the 12th century started encouraging the Andalusians to celebrate Mawlid instead.
Contemporary era
Before the collapse of the
Soviet Union, Iran and Afghanistan were the only countries that officially observed the ceremonies of Nowruz. When the
Caucasus and
countries gained independence from the Soviets, they also declared Nowruz as a national holiday.
Nowruz was added to the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.[ Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz: Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO.][ Noruz and Iranian radifs registered on UNESCO list, Tehran Times, 1 October 2009, TehranTimes.com .][ International Nowruz Day 21 March un.org][ Nowruz became international, in Persian, BBC Persian, Wednesday, 30 September 2009, BBC.co.uk ]
During the Iranian economic crisis in 2025 many people were unable to afford basic haft-sin.
Customs
House cleaning and shopping
House cleaning, or
shaking the house () is commonly done before the arrival of Nowruz. People start preparing for Nowruz with a major
spring cleaning of their homes and by buying new clothes to wear for the New Year, as well as the purchase of flowers. The
hyacinth and the
tulip are popular and conspicuous.
Visiting family and friends
During the Nowruz holidays, people are expected to make short visits to the homes of family, friends and neighbors. Typically, young people will visit their elders first, and the elders return their visit later. Visitors are offered tea and pastries, cookies, fresh and dried fruits and mixed nuts or other snacks. Many Iranians throw large Nowruz parties as a way of dealing with the long distances between groups of friends and family.
Food preparation
One of the most common foods cooked on the occasion of Nowruz is
Samanu (Samanak, Somank, Somalek, Sumalak). This food is prepared using germinated wheat. In most countries that celebrate Nowruz, this food is cooked. In some countries, cooking this food is associated with certain rituals. Women and girls in different parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan cook Samanu in groups and sometimes during the night, and when cooking it, they sing memorable songs.
Cooking other foods is also common on Nowruz. For example, sabzi polo with fish is eaten on Eid night, as are sweets such as Nan-e Nokhodchi. In general, cooking Nowruz food is common in every region where Nowruz is celebrated, and each area has its food and sweets.
Boloni
As a fortune telling method people may write a hafez poem on a paper and throw in a boloni along with a belonging of their. A young girl would then read the poems to others and then pull out a belonging.
Haft-sin
Typically, before the arrival of Nowruz, family members gather around the Haft-sin table and await the exact moment of the
March equinox to celebrate the New Year.
The number 7 and the letter S are related to the seven Ameshasepantas as mentioned in the Zend-Avesta. They relate to the four elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants. In modern times, the explanation was simplified to mean that the Haft-sin (, seven things beginning with the letter sin (س)) are:
The Haft-sin table may also include a mirror, candles,
egg decorating, a bowl of water,
goldfish, coins,
hyacinth, and traditional confectioneries. A "book of wisdom" such as the
Quran,
Bible,
Avesta, the
Shahnameh of
Ferdowsi, or the divān of
Hafez may also be included.
Haft-sin's origins are not clear. The practice is believed to have been popularized over the past 100 years.
Haft-mewa
In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft Mēwa (, ) for Nauruz, a mixture of seven different
and nuts (such as
, silver berry,
,
,
prunes,
walnut, and
) served in syrup.
Khoncha
Khoncha (; ) is the traditional display of Nowruz in Azerbaijan. It consists of a big silver or copper tray, with a tray of green, sprouting wheat (
samani) in the middle and a dyed egg for each member of the family arranged around it. The table should contain at least seven dishes.
Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz
In Iran, the traditional heralds of the festival of Nowruz are
Amu Nowruz () and
Haji Firuz (), who appear in the streets to celebrate the New Year.
Amu Nowruz brings children gifts, much like his counterpart Santa Claus.[ Thus Speaks Mother Simorq , p. 151][Iranica: Pir-e Zan ] He is depicted as an elderly silver-haired man with a long beard carrying a walking stick, wearing a felt hat, a long cloak of blue canvas, a sash, giveh, and linen trousers.[ Amu Nowruz , Fazlollah Mohtadi, Shiraz University Centre for Children's Literature Studies]
Haji Firuz, a character with his face and hands covered in soot, clad in bright red clothes and a felt hat, is the companion of Amu Nowruz. He dances through the streets while singing and playing the tambourine. In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords.[ Faces around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face By Margo DeMello – Black Face, p. 28]
Kosa and Kechal
Kosa and Kechal (; ) are two comical characters from Azerbaijan who appear in the streets to celebrate Nowruz. Kosa is typically depicted as a "plump skinny man with a fake beard" who can't grow facial hair and symbolizes the winter, while Kechal is a "bald myschievious fat man" who symbolizes the summer, with his name literally translating to
bald-head from Azerbaijani. When Nowruz arrives, they play Kos-kosa (a traditional Azerbaijani Nowruz game) with the kids, paint eggs, sing songs and often fight with each other, symbolizing the arrival of spring.
[https://yeniterter.com/?p=17743] Kosa and Kechal have become one of the, if not the most, famous characters in Azerbaijani Nowruz traditions, gaining large amounts of attention and taking part in mainstream talkshows and movies.
Kampirak
In the folklore of Afghanistan, Kampirak and his retinue pass village by village, distributing gathered charities among people. He is an old, bearded man wearing colorful clothes with a long hat and rosary who symbolizes beneficence and the power of nature yielding the forces of winter. The tradition is observed in central provinces, specially
Bamyan Province and
Daykundi.
Nauryz kozhe
In Kazakhstan, Kazakhs start the new year by cooking
nauryz kozhe, a traditional drink.
Communities
The festival of Nowruz is celebrated by many groups of people in the
Black Sea basin, the
Balkans, the
South Caucasus,
Western Asia,
Central Asia and
South Asia Asia, and by
Iranian peoples worldwide.
Places where Nowruz is a public holiday include:
-
Afghanistan
-
Albania
-
Azerbaijan (five days)
-
Georgia
-
Iran (thirteen days)
-
Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq
-
Kazakhstan (four days)
-
Kosovo
-
Kyrgyzstan
-
Bayan-Ölgii, Mongolia
-
Tajikistan (four days)
-
Turkmenistan (two days)
-
Uzbekistan
Nowruz is celebrated by Kurds in Iraq
Nowruz is also celebrated by Iranian communities in the Americas and in Europe, including Los Angeles, Phoenix, Toronto, Cologne and London.[ House Passes Historic Nowruz (sic) Resolution , National Iranian American Council, 15 March 2010.] "Recognizing the cultural and historical significance of Nowruz".
Afghanistan
Nowruz marks Afghanistan's New Year's Day with the Solar Hijri Calendar as their official calendar.
In Afghanistan, the festival of Gul-i-Surkh (, 'red flower') is the principal festival for Nauruz. It is celebrated in
Mazar-i-Sharif during the first 40 days of the year, when red tulips grow in the green plains and over the hills surrounding the city. People from all over the country travel to Mazar-i-Sharif to attend the Nauruz festivals.
Buzkashi tournaments are held during the Gul-i-Surkh festival in Mazar-i-Sharif,
Kabul and other northern Afghan cities.
Jahenda Bala (, 'raising') is celebrated on the first day of the New Year.[Malthe Conrad Bruun, Universal geography, or A description of all the parts of the world, Vol. II., London 1822, p. 282] It is a religious ceremony performed at the Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif by raising a special banner resembling the Derafsh Kaviani royal standard. It is attended by high-ranking government officials such as the Vice-President, Ministers, and Provincial Governors and is the biggest recorded Nawroz gathering, with up to 200,000 people from all over Afghanistan attending.
In the festival of Dehqān (, 'farmer'), also celebrated on the first day of the New Year, farmers walk in the cities as a sign of encouragement for the agricultural production. In recent years, this activity only happens in Kabul and other major cities where the mayor and other government officials attend.
During the first two weeks of the New Year, the citizens of Kabul hold family picnics in Istalif, Charikar and other green places where Cercis grow.
During the Taliban regime of 1996–2001, Nauruz was banned as "an ancient pagan holiday centered on fire worship".
Albania
Nevruz is celebrated annually in Albania on 22 March as Sultan Nevruz. In Albania, the festival commemorates the birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died 661 CE) and simultaneously the advent of spring. It is prominent amongst the nations'
Bektashis, but adherents of Sunnism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy also "share in the nevruz festival to respect the ecumenical spirit of Albania".
Armenia
Since the 19th century, Nowruz has not generally been celebrated by
Armenians and is not a public holiday in
Armenia. However, it is celebrated in Armenia by tens of thousands of Iranian tourists who visit Armenia with relative ease.
The influx of tourists from Iran accelerated since around 2010–11.
In 2010 alone, around 27,600 Iranians spent Nowruz in capital
Yerevan.
In 2015, President Serzh Sargsyan sent a letter of congratulations to Kurds living in Armenia and to the Iranian political leadership on the occasion of Nowruz.
Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan, Nowruz celebrations go on for several days and included festive public dancing and folk music, and sporting competitions. In rural areas, crop holidays are also marked.
Additionally, in Azerbaijani tradition, the weather on the first day of Novruz is believed to forecast the seasons: spring, summer follows on the second day, autumn on the third, and winter on the fourth.
Communities of the Azerbaijani diaspora also celebrate Nowruz in the US, Canada,
Bangladesh
Nowruz is generally not celebrated by Bangladeshis, but it is widely celebrated by the country's
Shia Muslims. It continues to be celebrated regularly in
Dhaka,
Chittagong,
Rajshahi and
Khulna. During the
Mughal period; Nowruz was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety.
Shia Muslims in Bangladesh have been seen spraying water around their home and drinking that water to keep themselves protected from diseases. A congregation to seek divine blessing is also arranged. Members of the Nawab family of Dhaka used to celebrate it amid pomp and grandeur. In the evening, they used to float thousands of candle lights in nearby ponds and water bodies. The
National poet Kazi Nazrul Islam, also a Sunni, portrayed a vivid sketch of the festival highlighting its various aspects. In his poem, he described it as a platform of exposing a youth's physical and mental beauty to another opposite one for conquering his or her heart.
Central Asia
Nowruz widely celebrated on a vast territory of Central Asia and ritual practice acquired its special features.
[Malikov Azim, The celebration of Nawruz in Bukhara and Samarkand in ritual practice and social discourse (the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century) in Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. volume 48. issue 2., 2020, pp.124–131.] The festival was legitimized by prayers at mosques, and visits to the mazars of Muslim saints and to sacred streams. In the Emirate of Bukhara, a broad official celebration of Nowruz was started by Amir Muzaffar, who sought to strengthen the image of the
Manghud during the crisis of political legitimacy.
[Malikov A.M., The celebration of Nawruz in Bukhara and Samarkand in ritual practice and social discourse (the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century) in Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. volume 48. issue 2. 2020, p.124.] Currently, all five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) celebrate Nowruz as a public holiday.
China
Traditionally, Nowruz is celebrated mainly in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the
Uyghurs, Chinese Tajik, Salar,
Kyrgyz people and
Kazakhs ethnicities.
Georgia
Nowruz is not celebrated by
Georgians, but it is widely celebrated by the country's large Azerbaijani minority (~7% of the total population)
as well as by
living in Georgia.
Every year, large festivities are held in the capital
Tbilisi, as well as in areas with a significant number of Azerbaijanis, such as the
Kvemo Kartli,
Kakheti,
Shida Kartli, and Mtskheta-Mtianeti regions.
Georgian politicians have attended the festivities in the capital over the years, and have congratulated the Nowruz-observing ethnic groups and nationals in Georgia on the day of Nowruz.
India
The tradition of Nowruz in
Northern India dates back to the
Mughal Empire; the festival was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety in the realm.
However, it further goes back to the
Parsi Zoroastrian community in
Western India, who migrated to the Indian subcontinent from
Persia during the Muslim conquest of Persia of 636–651 CE.
In the Princely State of Hyderabad, Nowruz (Nauroz) was one of the four holidays where the Nizam would hold a public Darbar, along with the Islamic holidays and the sovereign's birthday.
A popular Deccani Urdu poem written by the founder of Hyderabad, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, is recited in the Deccan region on Nauroz:
Iran
Nowruz is a two-week celebration that marks the beginning of the New Year in Iran's official Solar Hijri calendar.
The celebration includes four public holidays from the first to the fourth day of
Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian calendar, usually beginning on 21 March.
On the Eve of Nowruz, the fire festival Chaharshanbe Suri is celebrated.
Following the 1979 Revolution, some radical elements from the Islamic government attempted to suppress Nowruz,
considering it a pagan holiday and a distraction from
Islamic holidays. Nowruz has been politicized, with political leaders making annual Nowruz speeches.
Nowruz and food inflation in Iran
As of 2025 the
inflation in Iran is skyrocketing and specifically, the food prices are surging.
As a result the prices of Haft-sin items and traditional Nowruz foods in Iran have significantly increased, reflecting the country's ongoing economic challenges and high inflation rates.
The overall cost of preparing a Haft-Seen table is estimated to exceed half a million tomans in 2025.
The price of specific food items have notably increased:
-
Dates increased from 110,000 tomans per kilogram in early March to 135,000 tomans by mid-March 2025 (an increase of 22.7%).
-
Lentils and white beans jumped from 85,000 tomans per kilogram in mid-February to 105,000 tomans by mid-March 2025 (an increase of 23.5%).
-
Iranian rice prices have risen by 45% over the past year, with one kilogram increasing from one million rials to 1.45 million rials (an increase of 45%).
-
Imported rice prices surged even more dramatically, with a 10-kilogram bag of Pakistani rice increasing from 6.5 million rials in January 2024 to 17.5 million rials in January 2025, representing a 169% increase.
-
Fruits, which are often part of the Haft Sin spread, have also seen price increase:
-
pomegranates saw the highest price increase at 11.1%, followed by bananas (3.7%) and apples (3.6%) compared to the previous month. In contrast, some fruits experienced slight price declines, with melons dropping by 9.6% and oranges by 4.6%.
-
A kilo of beef costs 9,900,000 rials ($10.50), cooking oil is 5,700,000 rials ($6.10), and even a simple loaf of bread is 200,000 rials (21 cents). Kiwis cost 1,500,000 rials ($1.60) per kilo, low quality oranges are 350,000 rials (37 cents), and the cheapest apples are 460,000 rials (49 cents).
Kurdistan
Newroz is largely considered a potent symbol of Kurdish identity. The Kurds of Turkey celebrate this feast between 18 and 21 March. Kurds gather into fairgrounds mostly outside the cities to welcome spring. Women wear colored dresses and spangled head scarves and young men wave flags of green, yellow and red, the historic colors of Kurdish people. They hold this festival by lighting fire and dancing around it.
Newroz has seen many bans in Turkey, as Turkey has a strong and long history of trying to suppress Kurdish history and culture. It has only been celebrated legally since 1992 after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted. The holiday is now officially allowed in Turkey after international pressure on the Turkish government to lift culture bans. The Turkish government renamed the holiday
Nevroz in 1995. However, Newroz celebrations are still suppressed and lead to continual confrontations with the Turkish authority. In
Cizre,
Nusaybin and Şırnak celebrations turned violent as Turkish police forces fired in the celebrating crowds.
In recent years, the Newroz celebration summons around 1 million participants in Diyarbakır, the biggest city of the Kurdish dominated Southeastern Turkey.
In Syria, the Kurds dress up in their national dress and celebrate the New Year.
Kurds in Iraq and Iran have had more freedom to celebrate Newroz than their countrymen in Syria and Turkey.
Kurds in the diaspora also celebrate the New Year; for example, Kurds in Australia celebrate Newroz not only as the beginning of the new year, but also as the Kurdish National Day. Similarly, the Kurds in Finland celebrate the new year as a way of demonstrating their support for the Kurdish cause.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Nowruz is typically celebrated in parts of
Gilgit-Baltistan,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially near the border with Afghanistan, and across Balochistan, with a large celebration held in the capital of
Quetta.
Recently, the government of Iran has participated in hosting celebrations in Islamabad to commemorate the holiday.
Like in India, the
Parsi and Isma'ili communities have historically celebrated the holiday,
as have some Shi'a Muslims.
Sweden
Nowruz is celebrated by the
Swedish Iranian community, and in
Stockholm, the annual festival is one of the largest Chaharshanbe Suri concerts and festivals in the world and is broadcast nationally on Sveriges Television and internationally on
Manoto.
United States
Vibrant Persian-speaking immigrant communities in the United States have been celebrating Nowruz for decades. The state of California is considered to have the largest Persian-speaking community in the country. On 19 March 2024, Governor
Gavin Newsom issued a proclamation declaring 19 March as Nowruz day.
Theology
Zoroastrianism
Nowruz itself has its origins in Zoroastrianism
and is the most important of the Zoroastrian
Gahambars or religious feasts.
The holiday celebrates the arrival of the spring which Zoroastrians see as a representation of the triumph of good (
Asha) over evil (Druj), a central theme of the religion.
Baháʼí Faith
Naw-Rúz is one of nine holy days for adherents of the Baháʼí Faith worldwide. It is the first day of the Baháʼí calendar, occurring on the vernal equinox around 21 March.
The Baháʼí calendar is composed of 19 months, each of 19 days,
and each of the months is named after an attribute of God; similarly, each of the 19 days in the month also are named after an attribute of God.
The first day and the first month were given the attribute of Bahá, an
Arabic word meaning splendour or glory, and thus the first day of the year was the day of Bahá in the month of Bahá.
Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, explained that Naw-Rúz was associated with the
Most Great Name of God,
and was instituted as a festival for those who observed the Nineteen-Day Fast.
The day is also used to symbolize the renewal of time in each religious dispensation.[ republished in ]
As with all Baháʼí holy days, there are few fixed rules for observing Naw-Rúz, and Baháʼís all over the world celebrate it as a festive day, according to local custom.
Shia Islam
Shia literature refers to the merits of the day of Nowruz; the Day of Ghadir took place on Nowruz; and the fatwas of major Shia scholars
recommend fasting.
Along with
Ismailis,
Alawites
and Alevis, the
Twelver Shia also hold the day of Nowruz in high regard.
It has been said that Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh Twelver Shia imam, has explained Nowruz and said: "In Nowruz God made a covenant with His servants to worship Him and not to allow any partner for Him. To welcome His messengers and obey their rulings. This day is the first day that the fertile wind blew and the flowers on the earth appeared. The archangel Gabriel appeared to the Muhammad, and it is the day that Abraham broke the Idolatry. The day Prophet Muhammad held Ali on his shoulders to destroy the Quraishie's idols in the house of God, the Kaaba."
The day upon which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Twelver Shia Muslims by Shia scholars, including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Ruhollah Khomeini[Tahrir al-Wasilah, by Ayatollah Khomeini, Vol. 1, pp. 302–303] and Ali al-Sistani.[ Islamic Laws, by Ali al-Sistani, under the section; "Mustahab Fasts"] However, Prominent Twelver clerics like the Ayatollahs Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khamenei have also disparaged the actual holiday of Nowruz, condemning its origins in Zoroastrianism.
See also
Notes
Further reading
External links
