Nasreddin ([, , Nasreddīn Hodja, , , / ALA-LC: , / ALA-LC: , Nosiriddin Xo'ja, , , ]) or Nasreddin Hodja (variants include Mullah Nasreddin Hodja, Nasruddin Hodja, Mullah Nasruddin, Mullah Nasriddin, Khoja Nasriddin, Khaja Nasruddin) (1208–1285) is a character commonly found in the of the Muslim world, and a hero of humorous short stories and satirical anecdotes.
Nasreddin appears in thousands of stories, sometimes witty, sometimes wise, but in many of which he is presented as a (holy) fool or as the butt of a joke. A Nasreddin story usually has a subtle humour and a Pedagogy nature.
In 2020, an application to include "The tradition of telling comic tales about Nasreddin Khoja" in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list was jointly submitted by the governments of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Turkmenistan.
Origin and legacy
Many ethnic groups make claims about his origin.
Many sources give the birthplace of Nasreddin as Hortu Village in
Sivrihisar, Eskişehir Province, present-day
Turkey, in the 13th century, after which he settled in Akşehir,
and later in
Konya under the
Seljuq dynasty rule, where he died in 1275/6 or 1285/6 CE.
It is claimed that the tomb of Nasreddin is in Akşehir, and the International Nasreddin Hodja Festival is held annually in Akşehir, 5–10 July.
There are also opposing views to the effect that Nasreddin's origin lies in Central Asia.
The Arabic version of the character, known as Juḥa (), is the oldest attested version of the character. The most divergent is mentioned in al-Jahiz's book "Concerning mules" (القول في البغال). According to al-Dhahabi's book "The balance of moderation (advisable) in the criticism of men" (ميزان الاعتدال في نقد الرجال), his full name was Abu al-Ghusn Dujayn al-Fizari, he lived under the Umayyad Caliphate in Kufa, and his mother was said to be a servant to Anas ibn Malik. He was one of the tabi'un in Sunni Islam.[الذهبي ميزان الاعتدال (المجلد 1)، ص 326]
The oldest manuscript of Nasreddin dates to 1571. Some of the stories, however, are in the Philogelos and Aesop's fables.[ Der Hodscha Nasreddin, Albert Wesselski, sidenote to story 201]
Today, Nasreddin stories are told in many countries - especially those of the Muslim world - and have been translated into many languages. Certain regions independently developed a 'wise fool' character similar to Nasreddin, and the stories have become part of a larger whole. In many regions, Nasreddin is a major part of the culture and is quoted or alluded to frequently in daily life. Since there are thousands of different Nasreddin stories, one can be found to fit almost any occasion.[Ohebsion, Rodney (2004) A Collection of Wisdom, Immediex Publishing, .] Nasreddin often appears as a whimsical character in an extensive Folklore tradition of vignettes in Persianate culture.
Azerbaijani scholars and claimed that the folklore hero Molla Nasraddin was the minister of the [[Ilkhanate]] period, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. The reasons for this are that they lived in the same period, Tusi included anecdotes in one of his works, ridiculed astrologers as a scientist, Molla Nasraddin went to [[Emir Timur|Timur]] as a representative of the country, the parallel between Nasir al-Din al-Tusi being sent to [[Hulagu Khan]] by the ruler of [[Alamut]] and both having the same name—Hasan. However, Mammadhuseyn Tahmasib stated that this information is not conclusive evidence.
Name
Many peoples of the
Near East, Middle East, South Asia and Central Asia claim Nasreddin as their own (e.g., Turks,
[The outrageous Wisdom of Nasruddin, Mullah Nasruddin . Retrieved 19 February 2007.][ Sysindia.com , Mulla Nasreddin Stories. Retrieved 20 February 2007.][ Silk-road.com , Nasreddin Hoca] Afghans,
Iranians,
and Uzbeks).
His name is spelt in a wide variety of ways:
Nastradin,
Nasrudeen,
Nasrudin,
Nasruddin,
Nasriddin,
Nasr ud-Din,
Nasredin,
Nasiruddin, Naseeruddin,
Nasr Eddin,
Nastradhin,
Nasreddine,
Nastratin,
Nusrettin,
Nasrettin,
Nostradin,
Nastradin (lit.: Victory of the Deen) and
Nazaruddin. It is sometimes preceded or followed by a title or honorific used in the corresponding cultures: "Hoxha", "Khwaje", "Koja", "Hodja", "Hoja", "Hojja", "Hodscha", "Hodža", "Hoca", "Hocca","Hooka",
"Hogea", "
Mullah", "Mulla", "Mula", "Molla", "
Efendi", "Afandi", "Ependi" (أفندي
'afandī), "
Hajji". In several cultures he is named by the title alone.
In Arabic-speaking countries this character is known as "Juha", "Jiha", "Djoha", "Djuha", "Dschuha", "Chotzas", "Goha" (جحا juḥā). Juha was originally a separate folk character found in Arabic literature as early as the 9th century, and was widely popular by the 11th century.
In Sicily and Southern Italy he is known as "Giufà", derived from the Arabic character Juha. In Maltese, his name is 'Ġaħan'.
In the Swahili people and culture, many of his stories are being told under the name of "Abunuwasi" or "Abunawas", though this confuses Nasreddin with an entirely different man – the poet Abu Nuwas, known for homoerotic verse.
In China, where stories of him are well known, he is known by the various from his Uyghur language name, 阿凡提 (Āfántí) and 阿方提 (Āfāngtí). The Uyghurs believe that he was from Xinjiang, while the Uzbeks believe he was from Bukhara.
In Central Asia, he is commonly known as "Afandi" or "Afanti". The Central Asian peoples also claim his local origin, as do Uyghurs.
Afandi or Afanti originates from Turkish "Efendi" (Effendi) and this is a title still used to show respect in Turkey. The combination "Hoja Efendi" is used in Turkey very often for the Muslim scholars in modern times as well. The word "Efendi" is ultimately derived from Greek "Authentes" (αὐθέντης) into Turkish. "Nasreddin Hoja Efendi" was shortened as "Efendi" in time. Subsequently "Efendi" happened to be the proper name as "Affandi" in Central Asia for Nasreddin Hoja.
Tales
The Nasreddin stories are known throughout the
Middle East and have touched cultures around the world. Superficially, most of the Nasreddin stories may be told as jokes or humorous anecdotes. They are told in the teahouses and
of Asia and in homes and on the radio. But it is inherent in a Nasreddin story that it may be understood at many levels. There is the joke, followed by a moral and usually the little extra which brings the consciousness of the potential mystic a little further on the way to realization.
[Idris Shah (1964), The Sufis, London: W. H. Allen .][Ron J. Suresha (2010), The Uncommon Sense of the Immortal Nasruddin, New Milford, Conn.: Bear Bones Books .]
Examples
The Sermon
- Once Nasreddin was invited to deliver a sermon. When he had gone up into the Minbar, he asked, Do you know what I am going to say? The audience replied "no", so he announced, I have no desire to speak to people who don't even know what I will be talking about! and left.
- The people felt embarrassed and called him back again the next day. This time, when he asked the same question, the people replied yes. So Nasreddin said, Well, since you already know what I am going to say, I won't waste any more of your time! and left.
- Now the people were really perplexed. They decided to try one more time and once again invited the Mullah to speak the following week. Once again he asked the same question – Do you know what I am going to say? Now the people were prepared and so half of them answered "yes" while the other half replied "no". So Nasreddin said Let the half who know what I am going to say tell it to the half who don't, and left.
[Many written versions of this tale exist, for example in ]
Whom do you believe?
- A neighbour came to the gate of Hodja Nasreddin's yard. The Hodja went to meet him outside.
- "Would you mind, Hodja," the neighbour asked, "can you lend me your donkey today? I have some goods to transport to the next town."
- The Hodja didn't feel inclined to lend out the animal to that particular man, but, not wishing to appear rude by simply saying "no", he answered:
- "I'm sorry, but I've already lent him to somebody else."
- All of a sudden the donkey let out a loud bray from behind the wall of the yard.
- "But Hodja," the neighbour exclaimed. "I can hear it behind that wall!"
- "Whom do you believe," the Hodja replied indignantly, "the donkey or your Hodja?"
[Widely retold, for instance in ]
Taste the same
- Some children saw Nasreddin coming from the vineyard with two baskets full of grapes loaded on his donkey. They gathered around him and asked him to give them a taste.
- Nasreddin picked up a bunch of grapes and gave each child a grape.
- "You have so much, but you gave us so little," the children whined.
- "There is no difference whether you have a basketful or a small piece. They all taste the same," Nasreddin answered, and continued on his way.
[A similar story is presented in ]
Nasreddin's ring
- Mullah had lost his ring in the living room. He searched for it for a while, but since he could not find it, he went out into the yard and began to look there. His wife, who saw what he was doing, asked: "Mullah, you lost your ring in the room, why are you looking for it in the yard?" Mullah stroked his beard and said: "The room is too dark and I can't see very well. I came out to the courtyard to look for my ring because there is much more light out here".
In the literature and folk tradition of Central Asia and the Caucasus
Uzbeks consider Nasreddin an Uzbek who was born and lived in
Bukhara,
and stories about him are called
latifa or
afandi.
There are at least two collections of Uzbek stories related to Nasriddin Afandi:
-
"Afandining qirq bir passhasi" – (Forty-one flies of Afandi) – Zohir A'lam, Tashkent
-
"Afandining besh xotini" – (Five wives of Afandi)
Nasreddin was the main character in a magazine, called simply
Molla Nasraddin, published in
Azerbaijan and "read across the Muslim world from Morocco to Iran". The eight-page Azerbaijani
satire periodical was published in
Tiflis (from 1906 to 1917),
Tabriz (in 1921) and
Baku (from 1922 to 1931) in the Azeri and occasionally Russian languages. Founded by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, it depicted inequality, cultural assimilation, and corruption and ridiculed the backward lifestyles and values of clergy and religious fanatics.
[ Molla Nasraddin – The Magazine: Laughter that Pricked the Conscience of a Nation by Jala Garibova. Azerbaijan International. Vol. 4:3 (Autumn 1996), pp. 22-23] The magazine was frequently banned
[ Molla Nasraddin, an entry from the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia by A.Sharif. Baku.ru] but had a lasting influence on Azerbaijani and Iranian literature.
[ Molla Nasraddin and Jalil Mammadguluzadeh by Ebrahim Nabavi. BBC Persian. 6 July 2006]
In India
He is known as
Mullah Nasruddin in South Asian children's books.
A TV serial on him was aired in India as
Mulla Nasiruddin.
In European and Western folk tradition and literature
Some Nasreddin tales also appear in collections of Aesop's fables.
The miller, his son and the donkey is one example.
Others are "The Ass with a Burden of Salt" (
Perry Index 180) and "The Satyr and the Traveller".
In Albanian folk tales of Albania and Kosovo the name appears as " Nastradini". Part of Nasreddin tales also refer to the protagonist as just " someone".
In some Bulgarian folk tales that originated during the Ottoman Empire period, the name appears as an antagonist to a local wise man, named Sly Peter.
In Sicily the same tales involve a man named Giufà.
In Sephardi Jews[Ottoman Legends, Ankara Folklore Convention, Austin Legrasse, Book of Abstracts, p.23] culture, spread throughout the Ottoman Empire, a character that appears in many folk tales is named Djohá.[ Tripod.com, "Djoha – Personaje – Ponte en la Area del Mediterraneo" by Matilda Koen-Sarano][ Sefarad.org, European Sephardic Institute]
In Romanian, the existing stories come from an 1853 verse compilation edited by Anton Pann, a philologist and poet renowned for authoring the current Romanian anthem.
Nasreddin is mostly known as a character from short tales; however, he has also been featured in longer media, such as novels and films. In Russia, Nasreddin is known mostly because of the Russian work Возмутитель спокойствия by Leonid Solovyov (English translations: "The Beggar in the Harem: Impudent Adventures in Old Bukhara", 1956, and "The Tale of Hodja Nasreddin: Disturber of the Peace", 2009
The Graeco-Armenian mystic G. I. Gurdjieff often referred to "our own dear Mullah Nasr Eddin", also calling him an "incomparable teacher", particularly in his book Beelzebub's Tales.
Film
In 1943, the Soviet film
Nasreddin in Bukhara was directed by
Yakov Protazanov based on Solovyov's book, followed in 1947 by a film called
The Adventures of Nasreddin, directed by Nabi Ganiyev and also set in the Uzbekistan SSR.
[«Большой Словарь: Крылатые фразы отечественного кино», Олма Медиа Групп. 2001г., , p. 401.]
In 1964, Richard Williams, a Canadian-British animator, began work on Nasrudin, an animated film based on the character. The film was produced with the help of Idries Shah, for whom Williams had illustrated books about the character; however, tensions between Williams's crew and the Shah family brought an end to Williams's relationship with them, and ended his right to use Nasreddin as a character. The unfinished film was later reworked into The Thief and the Cobbler, which had a similarly troubled production history.[Dobbs, Mike (1996), "An Arabian Knight-mare", Animato! (35)]
Collections
-
Bacha, Mohamed 30 Funny Stories of Joha, The Beloved Folk Hero of The East (bilingual English - Arabic)
-
600 Mulla Nasreddin Tales, collected by Mohammad Ramazani (Popular Persian Text Series: 1) (in Persian language).
-
Tales of the Hodja, retold by Charles Downing, illustrated by William Papas. Oxford University Press: London, 1964.
-
The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams
-
The Subtleties of the Inimitable Mulla Nasrudin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams.
-
The Pleasantries of the Incredible Mulla Nasrudin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams and Errol Le Cain
-
The World of Nasrudin by Idries Shah
-
Travels with Nasrudin, The Misadventures of the Mystifying Nasrudin, The Peregrinations of the Perplexing Nasrudin, The Voyages and Vicissitudes of Nasrudin, and Nasrudin in the Land of Fools, five volumes by Tahir Shah, Secretum Mundi, London, 2019-2022
-
Mullah Nasiruddiner Galpo (Tales of Mullah Nasreddin) collected and retold by Satyajit Ray, (in Bengali language)
-
The Wisdom of Mulla Nasruddin, by Shahrukh Husain
-
Watermelons, Walnuts, and the Wisdom of Allah and Other Tales of the Hoca, by Barbara K. Walker, Illustrated by Harold Berson
-
The Uncommon Sense of the Immortal Mullah Nasruddin: Stories, jests, and donkey tales of the beloved Persian folk hero, collected and retold by Ron Suresha.
-
-
The Wise Old Man: Turkish Tales of Nasreddin Hodja, told by Lyon Bajar Juda, illustrated by Tessa Theobald. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd: Edinburgh, 1963.
-
Extraordinary Adventures of Mullah Nasruddin: Naughty, unexpurgated tales of the beloved wise fool from the Middle and Far East, collected and retold by Ron Suresha.
-
Melayê Meşhûr (The famous Mulla) by Mehmed Emîn Bozarslan, Uppsala: Deng Publishers, 85 pp., , 1986 (in Kurdish language)
-
Once There Was, Twice There Wasn't: Fifty Turkish Folktales of Nasreddin Hodja, adapted by Michael Shelton. Boston: Hey Nonny Nonny Press, 2014
-
Twenty-Four Nasreddins (1986), a collective work (in Russian Language)
Sources
External links
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