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Nekolim is a neologism and concept introduced by Indonesia Sukarno used to describe "the enforced conditions of imperial control without formal rule." It derives from the combination of the terms neocolonialism, colonialism and imperialism (in Indonesian, spelled NEokolonialisme-KOLonialisme-IMperialisme). (2025). 9789792399813, Galang Press. ISBN 9789792399813 This term was used by Sukarno in his speech at the 1960 Bandung Conference after Indonesia was liberated from Japanese occupation following World War II to describe imperial interests of Western powers, including the Netherlands and the United States.
Qualities that distinguish nekolim from related concepts involve the intentional restructuring of a country in order to make it dependent upon a foreign power, often economically and culturally. Once this is achieved, force is not needed because independence becomes infeasible for the dominated country. Likewise, nekolim leads to the establishment of puppet states in exploited regions to remove the need for traditional military control of a country. Sukarno's criticisms made of US involvement in Indonesia which he deemed to be "nekolim practices" are largely entailed by the modern understanding of the concept of neocolonialism.
A CIA-backed coup against the Sukarno administration resulted in the Indonesian anticommunist mass killings of 1965-66. These killings have often been described as a genocideRobert Cribb (2025). 159311074X, Information Age Publishing. 159311074X and caused an estimated 500,000 to over 1,000,000 deaths.Mark Aarons (2007). " Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 80. The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On , Time It has been referred to as the "biggest US-backed genocide" as a result of US support. After Sukarno's administration was overthrown, it was replaced by that of the pro-American Suharto.
During Suharto administration, nekolim practices re-emerged. Citing Indonesia's economic downturn at the time, Suharto agreed to accept loans from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This led to bilateral political agreements for the United States and Europe to control Indonesia's natural resources through the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (renamed the World Trade Organization).Anonym (2015, July 3). Neocolonialism and Imperialism (Nekolim). Blogspot. Accessed January 3, 2016, from [5]. Another form of nekolim that emerged in Indonesia is the large amount of foreign capital entering the country in the form of foreign companies or domestic companies that have been privatized. The emergence of these companies taught the Indonesian people the "perspective" that parties with large capital will push out those with smaller capital.
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