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Monthon (), also known as Monthon Thesaphiban (; Mṇṯhl Theṣ̄āp̣hibāl; , ), were administrative subdivisions of Thailand at the beginning of the 20th century. The Thai word monthon is a translation of the word ( , literally "circle"), in its sense of a type of political formation. The monthon were created as a part of the Thesaphiban (เทศาภิบาล, literally "local government") administrative system, introduced by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab which, together with the monthon, established step-by-step today's present provinces ( changwat), districts ( ), and communes ( ) throughout . Each monthon was led by a royal commissioner called Thesaphiban (เทศาภิบาล), later renamed to Samuhathesaphiban (สมุหเทศาภิบาล). The system was officially adopted by the 1897 Local Administration Act, after some monthon had been established and administrative details were sorted out.

History
Before the Thesaphiban reforms, the country consisted of partially independent cities called , some directly subordinate to the capital, some subordinate to larger mueang, or to one or more of the . Before the reforms, inherited their posts from their family lineage, and lived on taxes they collected in their area, a practice formally called tax farming. These were converted from hereditary governors to appointed governmental posts, as had been done by Chinese , , and -era rulers in first recognizing (tribal leaders) as imperial officials, then replacing them with imperial appointees. The arrangement resulted in governors being appointed and paid by the central government, and mueang developed into provinces. An essential step in the ending of tax farming was the creation on 3 September 1885 of the Royal Survey Department. Though its first fruits were not obtained until 1901, the department's , i.e., surveys of specific land parcels, made possible the defining of ownership for land registration and equitable . The term changwat (จังหวัด) for the provinces was first used in 1907 for the provinces in Monthon Pattani, and by 1916 had come into general use.

Resistance to reform
It took till around 1910 to implement the system throughout the country. The main reason for the slow implementation was the lack of suitably educated officials, but also the resistance of the traditional local leaders, which recalled the 1768–1770 resistance of the monk Chao Phra Faang to Thonburi reestablishment of Siamese authority. In 1902 along both banks of the , local revolts (Prakottakan Phi Bun ปรากฏการณ์ผีบุญ) led by charismatic religious leaders called holy man or phi bun (ผีบุญ) broke out. The most serious of these was led by east-bank rebel against French authority in the former Thai tributary kingdom of Champasak. On the west bank in the area of , a less-well known former monk and phi bun headed a sect inspired by his , which spread fear, uncertainty and doubt among almost all the peoples along both banks of the river. The Bangkok government put down west bank resistance with little use of force, and cooperated with officials insofar as limiting Thai authority to the west bank, later called . East bank resistance however had no definitive end and became subsumed into the Second Indochina War. Far from the Mekong, resistance to reform continued into the 21st century in the Southern Thailand insurgency.

Further development
In 1915 there were 19 monthons containing 72 provinces. Due to economic problems, several monthon were merged in 1925. Monthon Phetchabun had been dissolved in 1915. Only 14 monthon remained: Ayutthaya, Bangkok (Krung Thep), Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Phayap, Phitsanulok, Phuket, Prachinburi, Ratchaburi, and Udon Thani. In 1932 another four were abolished: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Sawan, and Pattani. Finally in 1933 the whole monthon system was abolished by the Provincial Administration Act 2476 B.E./A.D. 1933, part of the changes made after the coup d'état, which changed from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy, and the 70 provinces to second-level administrative divisions.

List of monthons
Lao Klangลาวกลาง18901893 - renamed Monthon Nakhon Ratchasima
  1. Buriram (joined 1891)
  2. Chonnabot
  3. Nakhon Ratchasima
  4. Nang Rong (joined 1891)
  5. Phetchabun
  6. Phu Khiao
  7. Phu Wiang (until 1891)
    • abolished
  8. Pra Khon Chai (joined 1891)
  9. Wichianburi
Lao Tawan Okลาวตะวันออก18901891 - merged with Monthon Lao Tawan Ok Chiang Nua becoming Monthon Lao Kao
  1. Ubon
  2. Khemmarat
  3. Yasothon
  4. Suwannaphum
  5. Roi Et
  6. Kalasin
  7. Phu Len Chang
  8. Sisaket
  9. Wang
  10. Phin
  11. Chepon
Lao Tawan Ok Chiang Nuaลาวตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ18901891 - merged with Monthon Lao Tawan Ok becoming Monthon Lao Kao
  1. Kingdom of Champassak
  2. Chiang Taeng
  3. Saen Pang
  4. Sitandon
  5. Khamtong Luang
  6. Salawan
  7. Attapeu
  8. Det Udom
  9. Khukhan
  10. Surin
  11. Sangkha
Lao Phuanลาวพวน18901893 - renamed Monthon Udon after ceding the west bank of the Mekong.
  1. Nong Khai
  2. Chiang Khouang
  3. Kamuttasai
  4. Lom Sak
  5. Khon Kaen
  6. Khon San
  7. Phon Phisai
  8. Chaiburi
  9. Nong Han
  10. Sakon Nakhon
  11. Tha Uthen
  12. Borikhan Nikhom
  13. Kham Kert
  14. Kham Muen
  15. Nakhon Panom
  16. Mukdahan
  17. Buriram (until 1891)
  18. Nang Rong (until 1891)
Lao Kaoลาวกาว18911893 - renamed Monthon Isan
  1. Kingdom of Champassak (until 1893)
    • downgraded into a province
  2. Kalasin
  3. Maha Sarakham
  4. Kamalasai
  5. Phu Len Chang
  6. Roi Et
  7. Suwannaphum
  8. Yasothon
  9. Khemmarat
  10. Ubon Ratchathani
  11. Sisaket
  12. Khukhan
  13. Sangkha
  14. Surin
  15. Det Udom
  16. Salawan (until 1893)
  17. Attapeu (until 1893)
  18. Saen Pang (until 1893)
  19. Sitandon (until 1893)
  20. Chiang Taeng (until 1893)
Lao Phung Khaoลาวพุงขาว18931893 - abolished, due to the annexation of territory to French Third Republic
  1. Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
  2. Principality of Phongsali
Lao Chiangลาวเฉียง18931900 - renamed into Monthon Tawan Ok Chiang Neua
  1. Kingdom of Chiang Mai
  2. Principality of Lamphun
  3. Principality of Lampang
  4. Principality of Nan
  5. Principality of Phrae
  6. Principality of Thoen
Krung Kaoกรุงเก่า18931933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon systemEstablishing Provinces

  1. Inburi
  2. Singburi
  3. Phromburi
  4. Lopburi
  5. Krung Kao

Nakhon Sawan Merger

  1. Nakhon Sawan
  2. Chai Nat
  3. Kamphaeng Phet
  4. Manorom
  5. Phayuha Khiri
  6. Sankhaburi
  7. Tak
  8. Uthai Thani

Krung Thep Merger

  1. Phra Nakhon
  2. Thon Buri
  3. Nonthaburi
  4. Pathum Thani
  5. Nakhon Khuean Khan (until 1932)
  6. Samut Prakan
  7. Thanyaburi (until 1932)
  8. Min Buri (until 1932)
  9. Pathum Thani
Prachinburiปราจิณบุรี18931933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon systemEstablishing Provinces

  1. Prachinburi
  2. Nakhon Nayok
  3. Chachoengsao
  4. Phanat Nikhom (until 1898)
    • merged into Bang Pla Soi
  5. Bang Pla Soi (renamed in 1938)
    • renamed Chonburi
  6. Bang Lamung (until 1901)
    • merged into Bang Pla Soi
  7. Rayong (until 1906)
  8. Chanthaburi (until 1906)
  9. Khlung (until 1906)
  10. Trat (until 1906)
  11. Prachan Khiri Khet (until 1906)
  12. Kabunburi (until 1926)
    • merged into Prachinburi

Chanthaburi Merger

  1. Chanthaburi
  2. Rayong
  3. Khlung (until 1906)
    • abolished
  4. Trat (joined 1906)
Khamenเขมร18931899 - renamed Monthon Burapha
  1. Sisophon
  2. Phanom Sok
  3. Siemmarat
  4. Phra Tabong
Nakhon Ratchasimaนครราชสีมา18931933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon systemEstablishing Provinces

  1. Nakhon Ratchasima
  2. Buriram
  3. Chonnabot
  4. Phetchabun (until 1900)
  5. Phu Khiao (until 1899)
    • merged into Chonnabot
  6. Wichianburi (until 1907)

Roi Et Merger

  1. Roi Et
  2. Kalasin

Ubon Merger

  1. Ubon Ratchathani
  2. Khukhan
  3. Surin
Isanอีสาน18931912 - partitioned into Monthon Roi Et and Monthon Ubon
  1. Nakhon Champassak
  2. Kalasin
  3. Maha Sarakham
  4. Kamalasai
  5. Phu Len Chang (until 1902)
    • merged into Kalasin
  6. Roi Et
  7. Suwannaphum (until 1908)
    • merged into Roi Et
  8. Yasothon
  9. Khemmarat
  10. Ubon Ratchathani
  11. Sisaket
  12. Khukhan
  13. Sangkha
  14. Surin
  15. Det Udom
Phitsanulokพิษณุโลก18941933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon systemEstablishing Provinces

  1. Phitsanulok
  2. Phichai
  3. Phichit
  4. Sukhothai
  5. Sawankhalok
Phetchabun Merger
  1. Phetchabun
  2. Lom Sak (until 1931)
    • merged into Phetchabun
Nakhon Sawanนครสวรรค์18951932 - merged into Monthon Krung Kao - Ayutthaya
  1. Nakhon Sawan
  2. Chai Nat
  3. Kamphaeng Phet
  4. Manorom
  5. Phayuha Khiri
  6. Sankhaburi
  7. Tak
  8. Uthai Thani
Ratchaburiราชบุรี18951933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon systemEstablishing Provinces

  1. Ratchaburi
  2. Kanchanaburi
  3. Samut Songkhram
  4. Phetchaburi
  5. Prachuap Khiri Khan
Nakhon Chai Si Merger
  1. Nakhon Chai Si
  2. Samut Sakhon
  3. Suphan Buri
Nakhon Chai Siนครไชยศรี18951932 - merged into Monthon Ratchaburi
  1. Nakhon Chai Si
  2. Samut Sakhon
  3. Suphan Buri
ชุมพร18961925 - merged into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat
  1. Chumphon
  2. Chaiya (until 1915)
    • merged into Kanchanadit
  3. Kanchanadit
  4. Lang Suan
Nakhon Si Thammaratนครศรีธรรมราช18961933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
  1. Nakhon Si Thammarat
  2. Phatthalung
  3. Songkhla
  4. Nong Chik (until 1906)
  5. Pattani (until 1906)
  6. Yaring (until 1906)
  7. Yala (until 1906)
  8. Raman (until 1906)
  9. Ra'Ngae (until 1906)
  10. Saiburi (until 1906)
  11. Kalantan (until 1906)
  12. Trangkanu (until 1906)
  13. Bersut (until 1899)
    • merged into Trangkanu
Pattani Merger
  1. Pattani
  2. Yala
  3. Narathiwat
Chumphon Merger

  1. Chumphon
  2. Kanchanadit
  3. Lang Suan (until 1932)
    • merged into Chumphon
Syburiไทรบุรี18971909 - abolished, due to the annexation of territory to British Empire
  1. Kedah
  2. Perlis
  3. Satun
Krung Thepกรุงเทพ18971922 - merged into Monthon Krung Kao - Ayutthaya
  1. Phra Nakhon
  2. Thon Buri
  3. Nonthaburi
  4. Pathum Thani
  5. Nakhon Khuean Khan
  6. Samut Prakan
  7. Thanyaburi (joined 1902)
  8. Min Buri (joined 1901)
  9. Pathum Thani
Phuketภูเก็จ18981933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
  1. Phuket
  2. Satun (joined 1909)
  3. Ranong
  4. Phang Nga
  5. Takua Pa
  6. Krabi
Phetchabunเพชรบูรณ์1899 19071903 - merged into Monthon Phitsanulok 1916 - merged into Monthon Phitsanulok
  1. Lom Sak
  2. Phetchabun
Buraphaบูรพา18991906 - abolished, due to the annexation of territory to French Third Republic
  1. Sisophon
  2. Phanom Sok
  3. Siemmarat
  4. Phra Tabong
Tawan Ok Chiang Neuaตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ19001901 - renamed into Monthon Phayap
  1. Chiang Mai
  2. Lamphun
  3. Lampang
  4. Phrae
  5. Thoen
  6. Nan
Phayapพายัพ19011933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
  1. Chiang Mai
  2. Chiang Rai (joined 1910)
  3. Lamphun
  4. Lampang
  5. Phrae
  6. Thoen
  7. Nan
Udonอุดร19011933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system
  1. Nong Khai
  2. Kamuttasai
  3. Lom Sak (until 1899)
  4. Loei (joined 1899)
    • partitioned from Lom Sak
  5. Khon Kaen
  6. Phon Phisai (until 1906)
  7. Chaiburi (until 1916)
  8. Nong Han (until 1908)
    • merged into Udon Thani
  9. Udon Thani (joined 1908)
  10. Sakon Nakhon
  11. Tha Uthen (until 1907)
  12. Nakhon Panom
  13. Mukdahan
Pattaniปัตตานี19061932 - merged into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat
  1. Pattani
  2. Nong Chik (until 1906)
    • merged into Pattani
  3. Yaring (until 1906)
    • merged into Pattani
  4. Yala
  5. Raman (until 1906)
    • merged into Yala
  6. Ra'Ngae (until 1909)
    • merged into Narathiwat
  7. Saiburi (until 1932)
    • abolished
  8. Kalantan (until 1906)
    • ceded
  9. Trangkanu (until 1906)
    • ceded
  10. Narathiwat (joined 1909)
Chanthaburiจันทบุรี19061933 - merged into Prachinburi
  1. Chanthaburi
  2. Rayong
  3. Khlung (until 1906)
    • abolished
  4. Trat (joined 1906)
Roi Etร้อยเอ็จ19121932 - merged into Nakhon Ratchasima
  1. Kalasin
  2. Maha Sarakham (until 1925)
    • merged into Kalasin
  3. Kamalasai (until 1913)
    • merged into Kalasin
  4. Roi Et
Ubonอุบล19121932 - merged into Nakhon Ratchasima
  1. Yasothon (until 1912)
    • merged into Ubon Ratchathani
  2. Khemmarat (until 1912)
    • merged into Ubon Ratchathani
  3. Ubon Ratchathani
  4. Sisaket (until 1907)
    • merged into Khukhan
  5. Khukhan
  6. Sangkha (until 1912)
    • merged into Surin
  7. Surin
  8. Det Udom (until 1912)
    • merged into Khukhan
Maharatมหาราษฎร์19151926 - merged into Monthon Phayap
  1. Chiang Rai
  2. Lampang
  3. Phrae
  4. Nan

  • Monthon Lao Chiang is the same as Monthon Phayap, to ease understanding in this table but in all cases, they are the same.
  • Monthon Lao Kao which became Monthon Isan, and Monthon Lao Phuan which became Monthon Udon.
  • The use of the name is up to interpretation and use on case by case basis, but name changes occurs due to Rama V integration policy of minorities and achieving assimilation.
  • Province merger not shown, only monthon partition and merger are

Boriwen
The larger monthon Phayap, Udon Thani, and Isan had an additional administrative level between monthon and provincial administration. Three to five (บริเวณ), each administered by a commissioner ( khaluang boriwen, ข้าหลวงบริเวณ).

See also
  • Administrative divisions of Thailand
  • Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)
  • Native Chieftain System
  • Past provinces of Thailand
  • Royal Thai Survey Department

Further reading

External links

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