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Mizar (2025). 9781931559447, Sky Pub. ISBN 9781931559447 is a second-magnitude star in the handle of the Big Dipper asterism in the constellation of Ursa Major. It has the Bayer designation ζ Ursae Majoris (Latinised as Zeta Ursae Majoris). It forms a well-known naked eye double star with the fainter star Alcor (a binary system consisting of Alcor A and Alcor B), and is itself a Star system. The Mizar and Alcor system lies about 83 light-years away from the Sun, as measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite, and is part of the Ursa Major Moving Group.
The traditional name Mizar derives from the Arabic meaning 'apron; wrapper, covering, cover'. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Mizar for ζ UMa. According to IAU rules, the name Mizar strictly only applies to component Aa, although it is traditionally and popularly used for all four stars making up the double naked-eye star. Mizar and Alcor, termed the "horse and rider" by the Arabians, are a good test of minimal vision. "Bohigian GM. An ancient eye test--using the stars. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008 Sep-Oct;53(5):536-9. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.009. PMID: 18929764"
Mizar may have been the first telescopic binary known to Europeans; Benedetto Castelli in 1617 asked Galileo Galilei to observe it. Galileo then produced a detailed record of the double star. Later, around 1650, Riccioli wrote of Mizar appearing as a double. The secondary star (Mizar B) comes within 380 AU of the primary (Mizar A) and the two take thousands of years to revolve around each other.
Mizar A was the first spectroscopic binary to be discovered, as part of Antonia Maury's spectral classification work, and an orbit was published in 1890. Some spectroscopic binaries cannot be visually resolved and are discovered by studying the spectral lines of the suspect system over a long period of time. The two components of Mizar A are both about 35 times as bright as the Sun, and revolve around each other in about 20 days 12 hours and 55 minutes. In 1908, Mizar B was also found to be a spectroscopic binary, its components completing an orbital period every six months. In 1996, 107 years after their discovery, the components of the Mizar A binary system were imaged in extremely high resolution using the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer.
The spectral lines of the two stars can be observed separately and both are given a spectral type of A2Vp. They are , chemically peculiar due to stratification of some heavy elements in the photosphere of slowly-rotating hot stars. In this case, they show elevated abundances of strontium and silicon.
With the assumption of identical physical properties for the two stars, they both have temperatures of 9,000 K, radii of , and bolometric luminosities of . They are thought to be around 370 million years old.
The secondary component is a small star of undefined spectral type, with 25% of the Sun's mass.
Chinese Taoism personifies ζ Ursae Majoris as the Lu star.
In Chinese, 北斗 (Běi Dǒu), meaning Northern Dipper, refers to an asterism equivalent to the Big Dipper. Consequently, the Chinese name for ζ Ursae Majoris itself is 北斗六 Běi Dǒu liù, () and 開陽 Kāi Yáng, ().
In the Mi'kmaq myth of the great bear and the seven hunters, Mizar is Chickadee and Alcor is his cooking pot.
Mizar is the home system of a race of friendly, spherical aliens contacted by the Earth ship Stardust in the 1971 science fiction short story "The Bear With the Knot on His Tail" by Stephen Tall.
Stellar system
Mizar is a visual double star with a separation of 14.4 arcseconds, each of which is a spectroscopic binary. Its combined apparent magnitude is 2.04. The two visible stars are referred to as ζ1 and ζ2 Ursae Majoris, or Mizar A and B. The spectroscopic components are generally referred to as Mizar Aa, Ab, Ba, and Bb. The stars all share a single Hipparcos designation of HIP 65378, but separate Bright Star Catalogue and Henry Draper Catalogue entries. Mizar, together with Alcor and many of the other bright stars in Ursa Major, is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group.
ζ1 Ursae Majoris
The two components of ζ1 Ursae Majoris (Mizar Aa and Ab) are observed to be identical, with the exception of slightly different radial velocity variations which indicate very slightly different masses.
ζ2 Ursae Majoris
ζ2 Ursae Majoris is a single-lined spectroscopic binary, and the visible spectrum is of an Am star, named for their unusually strong lines of some metals. The spectral type of kA1h(eA)mA7IV-V is in a form used for metallic-lined stars: the type is A1 based on the calcium K lines, early A based on the hydrogen lines, and A7 based on lines of other metals. The luminosity class is ranked between main sequence and subgiant. An analysis of the star's properties instead suggest it is in the main sequence. The main star is 1.85 times more massive than the Sun.
Other names
Mizar is known as Vashistha, one of the Saptarishi, in traditional Indian astronomy.
Military namesakes
In popular culture
The band Steely Dan references Mizar in their song "Sign In Stranger" from their album The Royal Scam.
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