Minnesang (; "love song") was a tradition of German lyric- and song-writing that flourished in the Middle High German period (12th to 14th centuries). The name derives from , the Middle High German word for love, as that was Minnesang's main subject. People who wrote and performed Minnesang were known as Minnesänger (), and a single song was called a Minnelied (). The Minnesänger are comparable to the Occitan language and northern French language trouvères, but they are "an original German contribution to courtly lyric."
Social status
In the absence of reliable biographical information, there has been debate about the social status of the
Minnesänger. Some clearly belonged to the higher
nobility – the 14th-century
Codex Manesse includes songs by dukes, counts, kings, and the Emperor Henry VI. Some
Minnesänger, as indicated by the title
Meister (master), were clearly educated commoners, such as Meister Konrad von Würzburg. It is thought that many were
ministerialis, that is, members of a class of lower nobility,
of the great lords. Broadly speaking, the
Minnesänger were writing and performing for their own social class at court, and should be thought of as
rather than professional hired musicians. Friedrich von Hausen, for example, was part of the entourage of Friedrich Barbarossa, and died on
Third Crusade. As a reward for his service, Walther von der Vogelweide was given a
fief by the Emperor Frederick II.
Several of the best-known Minnesänger are also noted for their epic poetry, among them Heinrich von Veldeke, Wolfram von Eschenbach and Hartmann von Aue.
History
The earliest texts date from perhaps 1150, and the earliest named
Minnesänger are Der von Kürenberg and Dietmar von Aist, clearly writing in a native German tradition in the third quarter of the 12th century. This is referred to as the Danubian tradition.
From around 1170, German lyric poets came under the influence of the Provençal and the French trouvères. This is most obvious in the adoption of the strophic form of the canzone, at its most basic a seven-line strophe with the rhyme scheme AB AB CXC, and an AAB song structure (denoting the repetition of large segments), but capable of many variations.
A number of songs from this period match trouvère originals exactly in form, indicating that the German text could have been sung to an originally French tune. For example, Friedrich von Hausen's "Ich denke underwilen" is regarded as a contrafactum of Guiot de Provins's "Ma joie premeraine".
By around 1190, the German poets began to break free of Franco-Provençal influence. This period is regarded as the period of Classical Minnesang with Albrecht von Johansdorf, Heinrich von Morungen, Reinmar von Hagenau developing new themes and forms, reaching its culmination in Walther von der Vogelweide, regarded both in the Middle Ages and in the present day as the greatest of the Minnesänger.
The later Minnesang, from around 1230, is marked by a partial turning away from the refined ethos of classical Minnesang and by increasingly elaborate formal developments. The most notable of these later Minnesänger, Neidhart von Reuental introduces characters from lower social classes and often aims for humorous effects.
Melodies
Only a small number of
Minnelied melodies have survived to the present day, mainly in manuscripts dating from the 15th century or later, which may present the songs in a form other than the original one. Additionally, it is often rather difficult to interpret the
musical notation used to write them down. Although the contour of the
melody can usually be made out, the
rhythm of the song is frequently hard to fathom.
Later developments
In the 15th century,
Minnesang developed into and gave way to the tradition of the
Meistersinger. The two traditions are quite different, however;
Minnesänger were mainly aristocrats, while Meistersänger usually were commoners.
At least two have been written about the Minnesang tradition: Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser and Richard Strauss' Guntram.
List of Minnesänger
- Danubian lyric
-
Burggraf von Regensburg
-
Burggraf von Rietenburg
-
Dietmar von Aist (fl. 1143)
-
Der von Kürenberg (fl. 1143)
-
Leuthold von Seven (fl. 1147–1182)
-
Meinloh von Sevelingen
-
Engelhardt von Adelnburg
- Early courtly lyric
-
Friedrich von Hausen
-
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1197)
-
Heinrich von Veldeke (fl. 1173–1184)
-
Reinmar der Fiedler (fl. 1182–1217)
-
Spervogel
- Classical Minnesang
-
Albrecht von Johansdorf
-
Bernger von Horheim
-
Gottfried von Strassburg
-
Hartmann von Aue (1160/1170–1210/1220)
-
Heinrich von Morungen
-
Reinmar von Hagenau ()
-
Walther von der Vogelweide
-
Wolfram von Eschenbach
- Later Minnesang
-
Reinmar von Brennenberg
-
Regenbogen
-
Friedrich von Sonnenburg
-
Gottfried von Neifen
-
Heinrich von Meissen (Frauenlob) (1250/1260–1318)
-
Hugo von Montfort
-
Konrad von Würzburg (1220/1230–1287)
-
Neidhart (1st half of the 13th century)
-
Otto von Botenlauben (1177 – before 1245)
-
Reinmar von Zweter (1200 – after 1247)
-
Hawart
-
Süßkind von Trimberg
-
Tannhäuser
-
Ulrich von Liechtenstein (ca. 1200–1275)
-
Walther von Klingen (1240–1286)
-
Johannes Hadlaub (d. 1340)
-
Muskatblüt
-
Der von Wissenlo
-
Oswald von Wolkenstein
Example of a Minnelied
The following love poem, of unknown authorship, is found in a Latin
codex of the 12th century from the
Tegernsee Abbey.
|
| italics=no | italics=no | You are mine, I am yours,
Thereof you may be certain.
You're locked away
within my heart.
Lost is the key
And you must ever be therein! |
Editions
The standard collections are
12th and early 13th century (up to Reinmar von Hagenau):
-
H. Moser, H. Tervooren, Des Minnesangs Frühling.
-
Vol. I: Texts, 38th edn (Hirzel, 1988)
-
Vol II: Editorial Principles, Melodies, Manuscripts, Notes, 36th edn (Hirzel, 1977)
-
Vol III: Commentaries (Hirzel, 2000)
-
Earlier edition:
13th century (after Walther von der Vogelweide):
14th and 15th centuries
-
Thomas Cramer, Die kleineren Liederdichter des 14. und 15. Jhs., 4 Vols (Fink 1979-1985)
There are many published selections with Modern German translation, such as
Individual Minnesänger
The two Minnesänger with the largest repertoires, Walther and Neidhart, are not represented in the standard collections, but have editions devoted solely to their works, such as:
For these and some other major Minnesänger (e.g. Morungen, Reinmar, Oswald von Wolkenstein) there are editions with parallel Modern German translation.
Introductory works for an English-speaking readership
-
(Selection of songs with English introduction and commentary.)
-
(Selection of songs with English introduction and translation.)
-
See also
Sources
Further reading
External links
