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Mediolanum, the ancient city where now stands, was originally an city, but afterwards became an important city in .

The city was settled by a tribe belonging to the group and belonging to the Golasecca culture under the name Medhelanon

(2025). 9782760515888, Press de l'Université du Québec. .
around 590 BC, conquered by the in 222 BC, who Latinized the name of the city into Mediolanum, and developed into a key centre of Western Christianity and informal capital of the Western Roman Empire. It declined under the ravages of the Gothic War, its capture by the in 569, and their decision to make the capital of their Kingdom of Italy.

During the the population was 40,000 in AD 200; when the city became capital of the Western Roman Empire under emperor (r. 286–305), the population rose to 100,000 people and thus Milan became one of the largest cities in .

(2002). 9780521893312, Cambridge University Press. .


History
The city was settled by a tribe belonging to the group and belonging to the Golasecca culture around 590 BC under the name Medhelanon According to the legend reported by , the king sent his nephew into northern Italy at the head of a party drawn from various Gaulish tribes; this Bellovesus was said to have founded Mediolanum (in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, according to this legend).Livius, Ab Urbe condita 5.34-35.3. The Romans, led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, fought the Insubres and captured the city in 222 BC; the chief of the Insubres submitted to Rome, giving the Romans control of the city. Polybius, Histories They eventually conquered the entirety of the region, calling the new province – "Gaul this side of the Alps" – and may have given the site its Latinized Celtic name: in *medio – meant "middle, center" and the name element -lanon is the Celtic equivalent of Latin -planum "plain", thus *Mediolanon (Latinized as Mediolānum) meant "(settlement) in the midst of the plain."
(2025). 9782877722377, Errance. .
Compare G. Quintela and V. Marco '"Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times" e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, 2005, referring to "a toponym, clearly in the second part of the composite Medio-lanum (=Milan), meaning 'plain' or flat area..."

Mediolanum was important for its location as a hub in the road network of northern Italy. describes the country as abounding in wine, and every kind of grain, and in fine wool. Herds of swine, both for public and private supply, were bred in its forests, and the people were well known for their generosity. Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898): "Gallia Cisalpina"

During the Augustan age Mediolanum was famous for its schools; it possessed a theater and an amphitheatre (129.5 X 109.3 m Measurements as given p. 257; it was not, as is sometimes claimed, the third largest in the world after the Flavian Amphitheatre in Rome and the vast amphitheatre in .). A large stone wall encircled the city in Caesar's time, and later was expanded in the late third century AD, by . Mediolanum was made the seat of the prefect of Liguria ( ) by Hadrian, and Constantine made it the seat of the vicar of Italy ( ). In the third century Mediolanum possessed a mint,Though may have struck coinage at Mediolanum, the sequence begins with , c 258; the mint at Mediolanum, transferred to by , ranked with Rome and Siscia (modern in Croatia) as one of the three great mints of the Empire. a and imperial mausoleum. In 259, Roman legions under the command of Emperor Gallienus soundly defeated the in the Battle of Mediolanum.

In 286, moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum. He chose to reside at in the Eastern Empire, leaving his colleague Maximian at Mediolanum. Maximian built several gigantic monuments, the large (470 x 85 metres), the or Baths of Hercules, a large complex of imperial palaces and other services and buildings of which fewer visible traces remain. Maximian increased the city area surrounded by a new, larger stone wall (about 4.5 km long) encompassing an area of 375 acres with many 24-sided towers. The monumental area had twin towers; one that was included in the convent of San Maurizio Maggiore remains 16,60 m high.

It was from Mediolanum that the Emperor Constantine issued what is now known as the Edict of Milan in AD 313, granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire, thus paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of the Empire. Constantine was in Mediolanum to celebrate the wedding of his sister to the Eastern Emperor, . There were Christian communities in Mediolanum, which contributed its share of martyrs during the persecutions,There were Milanese cults of Saints Gervasius and Protasius, St. (304), Sts. Nabor and Felix, and Sts. Nazarius and Celsus and the legendary . but the first bishop of Milan who has a firm historical presence is Merocles, who was at the Council of Rome of 313. In the mid-fourth century, the Arian controversy divided the Christians of Mediolanum; supported Arian bishops and at times there were rival bishops. Auxentius of Milan (died 374) was a respected Arian theologian. During the reign of , bishop Ambrose of Milan prevented the dedication of a basilica to Arian worship. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (eds. Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister)

The city also possessed a number of basilicas, added in the late fourth century AD. These are San Simpliciano, San Nazaro, San Lorenzo and the chapel of San Vittore, located in the basilica of Sant'Ambrogio. In general, the Late Empire encouraged the development of the applied arts in Mediolanum, with ivory and silver work being common in public building projects. In the crypt of the Duomo survive ruins of the ancient church of Saint Tecla and the baptistry where St. Augustine of Hippo was baptized.

In 402, the city was besieged by the led by king and the imperial residence was moved to . In 452, it was besieged again by , but the real break with its imperial past came in 538, during the Gothic War, when Mediolanum was laid to waste by Uraia, a nephew of , King of the Goths, with great loss of life.According to , the losses at Milan amounted to 300,000 men. The took as their capital (renaming it 'Papia', hence the modern ), and Early Medieval Milan was left to be governed by its archbishops.


Detailed map of Mediolanum

Extant structures
Some of the monuments of the Roman Mediolanum still to be seen in Milan:
  • in the basilica of S. Ambrogio:
    • the Chapel of S. Vittore, with mosaics
    • the so‑called "Tomb of ", assembled from a Roman sarcophagus and other material.
    • a large collection of inscriptions.
  • the Colonne di San Lorenzo, a colonnade in front of the church of S. Lorenzo.
  • Roman lapidary material in the Archi di Porta Nuova.
  • the scant remains of a large , now in an archaeological park dedicated to their preservation.
  • a tower (16.6 m high) of the circus, now inside the Convento di San Maurizio Maggiore.
  • a bit of moenia (walls) and a tower with 24 sides (Maximian, 3rd century)
  • the church of San Lorenzo (IV-V sec.) and the San Aquilino chapel.
  • ruins of the imperial palace.
  • some ruins from the Baths of Hercules; further remains of ceilings and floors are in the archaeological museum.
  • the body of St. Ambrose (d. 397) and those possibly of SS. Gervasius and Protasius — or at any rate, of earlier men, found in St. Ambrose's time, are still seen in the crypt of the church of S. Ambrogio.
  • crypt of San Giovanni in Conca
  • a bit of the moenia and some remnants of pavements in piazza Missori and in the namesake station of .


Legacy
The ancient city name is commemorated in the Mediolanum Forum at and the Mediolanum Corporate University, Milan.


See also
  • Milan#History, for the medieval and modern history of Milan
  • Walls of Milan
  • List of Roman sites


Notes


External links

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