Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing , Aquatic animal pulmonate gastropod , that belong to the clade Hygrophila.
Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfamily Lymnaeoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
2005 taxonomy
Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) recognized four subfamilies within Lymnaeidae:
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subfamily Lymnaeinae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Amphipepleinae Pini, 1877; Limnophysidae W. Dybowski, 1903; Acellinae Hannibal, 1912; Fossariinae B. Dybowski 1913
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subfamily Lancinae Hannibal, 1914
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† subfamily Scalaxinae Zilch, 1959
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† subfamily Valencieniinae Kramberger-Gorjanovic, 1923 - synonym: Clivunellidae Kochansky-Devidé & Sliskovic, 1972
2013 taxonomy
Vinarski (2013)
[Vinarski M. V. (2013). "One, two, or several? How many lymnaeid genera are there?". Ruthenica 23(1): 41-58. PDF.] established a new subfamily Radicinae within Lymnaeidae, but be considered position neither of Lancinae nor of extinct genera.
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subfamily Radicinae Vinarski, 2013
Cladogram
Correa et al. (2010)
examined
phylogenetic relationships among 50 taxa of this family using a supermatrix approach (concatenation of the 16S, internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 genes) involving both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference.
Her phylogenetic analysis demonstrates the existence of three deep
clades of Lymnaeidae representing the main geographic origin of species (America, Eurasia and the Indo-Pacific region).
It demonstrates that the nomenclature of most genera in the Lymnaeidae does not reflect evolutionary relationships.
A cladogram based on sequences of 16S, internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 genes showing phylogenic relations of Lymnaeidae by Correa et al. (2010):
The nomenclature of genera has been one of the most confusing issues in the Lymnaeidae systematics. Most genus names are not fixed and are based more on phenotypic resemblances than on sound evolutionary and phylogenetic considerations.[Walter H. J. (1968). "Evolution, taxonomic revolution, and zoogeography of the Lymnaeidae". Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 34: 18-20.] two by Hubendick (1951),[Burch J. B. (1982). "North American freshwater snails". Transactions of the POETS Society 1(4):217-365.][Jackiewicz M. (1993). "Phylogeny and relationships within the European species of the family Lymnaeidae". Folia Malacologica 5: 61-95.][Glöer P. & Meier-Brook C. (1998). Süsswassermollusken. In: Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 12th edition. Hamburg, Germany: Deutscher Jugendbund für Naturbeobachtung.] Results by Correa et al. (2010)
The type species of Lymnaea is Lymnaea stagnalis Linnaeus, 1758; the type species of Stagnicola Jeffreys, 1830 is Stagnicola palustris (= Lymnaea palustris); and the type species of Omphiscola Rafinesque, 1819 is Omphiscola glabra.[Meier-Brook C. & Bargues M. D. (2002). " Catascopia, a new genus for three Nearctic and one Palaearctic stagnicoline species (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)". Folia Malacologica 10: 83-84.] suggested including Stagnicola emarginata, Stagnicola elodes, Stagnicola catascopium and Lymnaea occulta within a new genus Catascopia, while Stagnicla caperata would belong to the genus Hinkleyia Baker, 1928.
Genera
Genera in the family Lymnaeidae include:
subfamily Lymnaeinae
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Acella Haldeman, 1841
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Aenigmomphiscola Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1981
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Bulimnea Haldeman, 1841
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Corvusiana Servain, 1881
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subgenus Corvusiana sensu stricto
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subgenus Kuesterilymnaea Vinarski, 2003
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Erinna H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858
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Galba Schrank, 1803
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subgenus Galba sensu stricto
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subgenus Bakerilymnaea Weyrauch, 1964
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subgenus Sibirigalba Kruglov et Starobogatov, 1985
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Hinkleyia F. C. Baker, 1928
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Ladislavella B. Dybowski, 1913
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subgenus Lymnaea sensu stricto
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subgenus Kazakhlymnaea Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1984
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Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799 - type genus of the family Lymnaeidae
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Omphiscola Rafinesque, 1819
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Pseudoisidora Thiele, 1931
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subgenus Pseudoisidora sensu stricto
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subgenus Pseudobulinus Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1993
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Pseudosuccinea F. C. Baker, 1908
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Sphaerogalba Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985
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Stagnicola Leach in Jeffreys, 1830
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Walhiana Servain, 1881
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Walterigalba Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985
- Genera brought into synonymy
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Catascopia Meier-Brook & Bargues, 2002: synonym of Ladislavella B. Dybowski, 1913
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Fossaria Westerlund, 1885: synonym of Galba Schrank, 1803
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Limnaea: synonym of Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799
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Limneus Sandberger, 1875: synonym of Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799
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Limneus auct.: synonym of Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799
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Limnophysa Fitzinger, 1833: synonym of Stagnicola Jeffreys, 1830
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Lymnaeus: synonym of Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799
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Nasonia F. C. Baker, 1928: synonym of Galba (Bakerilymnaea) Weyrauch, 1964 represented as Galba Schrank, 1803
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Truncatuliana Servain, 1881: synonym of Galba Schrank, 1803
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Walterlymnaea Starobogatov & Budnikova, 1976: synonym of Ladislavella B. Dybowski, 1913
subfamily Amphipepleinae Pini, 1877 (synonym: Radicinae Vinarski, 2013)
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Austropeplea B. C. Cotton, 1942
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Bullastra Bergh, 1901
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Lantzia Jousseaume, 1872
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Limnobulla Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985
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Myxas G. B. Sowerby, 1822
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Orientogalba Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985
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Pacifimyxas Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985
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Pectinidens Pilsbry, 1911
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Radix Montfort, 1810
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subgenus Radix sensu stricto
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subgenus Peregriana Servain, 1881
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Cerasina Kobelt, 1880
- Genera brought into synonymy
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Amphipeplea Nilsson, 1822: synonym of Myxas G. B. Sowerby I, 1822
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Auriculariana Servain, 1881: synonym of Radix Montfort, 1810
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Cyclolimnaea Dall, 1905: synonym of Myxas G. B. Sowerby I, 1822
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Gulnaria Turton, 1831: synonym of Radix Montfort, 1810
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Kutikina Ponder & Waterhouse, 1997: synonym of Austropeplea Cotton, 1942
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Neritostoma H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Radix Montfort, 1810
subfamily Lancinae
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Idaholanx Clark, Campbell & Lydeard, 2017 - with the only species Idaholanx fresti Clark, Campbell & Lydeard, 2017
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Lanx Clessin, 1880 - type genus of the subfamily Lancinae
† subfamily Scalaxinae
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Scalaxis Pilsbry, 1909 - type genus of the subfamily Scalaxinae
† subfamily Valencieniinae
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† Provalenciennesia Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923
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† Valenciennius Rousseau, 1842 - type genus of the subfamily Valencieniinae
- Genera brought into synonymy
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† Provalenciennius Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923: synonym of † Provalenciennesia Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923
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† Valenciennesia Fischer, 1859: synonym of † Valenciennius Rousseau, 1842
subfamily ?
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Adelinella Wenz, 1922
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† Boskovicia Brusina, 1894
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† Clivunella Katzer, 1918
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† Corymbina Bulowski, 1892
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Fisherola Hannibal, 1912
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Glacilimnea Iredale, 1943
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† Hiscerus Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923
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Peplimnea Iredale, 1943
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Simlimnea Iredale, 1943
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† Undulotheca Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923
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† Velutinopsis Sandberger, 1875
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† Zagrabica Brusina, 1884
Distribution
Lymnaeidae snails occur worldwide,
however, most species occur in the
Palearctic and
Nearctic regions.
An unidentified fragmentary lymnaeid from deposits of the
Meyer Desert Formation (reported in 2003) was the first
freshwater snail recorded from
Antarctica.
Description
This family exhibits a great diversity in
gastropod shell morphology but extremely homogeneous anatomical traits.
Diversity of shell morphology is linked to substantial eco-phenotypic plasticity.
Hubendick (1951)
[Hubendick B. (1951). "Recent Lymnaeidae, their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution". Kungl Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 3: 1-223.] illustrated this point by compiling up to 1143 species names, a large number of which he synonymized.
In contrast, the anatomy of their reproductive tracts (including prostate, penis and preputium) is extremely homogeneous.
,
cytogenetics, enzyme
electrophoresis studies, and DNA-based approaches have demonstrated extensive
homoplasy in anatomical characters.
Ecology
Lymnaeidae are of major medical and
veterinary importance since they act as vectors of parasites (
helminths, mainly
trematodes, e.g.,
Fasciola liver flukes) that severely affect human populations and livestock, and cause important
.
Lymnaeids serve as intermediate hosts of at least 71 trematode species distributed among 13 families, including some species of
Schistosomatidae and
Echinostomatidae, with implications for human health, and
Paramphistomum daubneyi, which is of veterinary interest.
The most emblematic case of parasite transmitted by lymnaeids is
Fasciola hepatica (Digenea: Fasciolidae), the agent of
fascioliasis.
Mollusks, generally lymnaeids, are required as intermediate hosts to complete the life cycle of
Fasciola hepatica.
At least 20 species of Lymnaeidae have been described as potential vectors of fascioliasis.
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference
Further reading
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Baker F. C. (1911). "The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America". Special publication of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 3: XVI+539 pp.
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Kruglov N. D. & Starobogatov Y. I. (1993). "Annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of the family Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Lymnaeiformes) of Palaearctic and adjacent river drainage areas. Part 1." Ruthenica 1: 65–92.
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Vinarski, V.M. (2013). One, two, or several? How many lymnaeid genera are there?. Ruthenica. 23(1): 41-58
External links
