Latvians () are a Balts ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts,
History
A Balto-Finnic-speaking tribe known as the
Livonian people settled among the northern coast of modern day Latvia. The
Germanic peoples settlers derived their name for the natives from the term Liv. They referred to all the natives as "Letts" and the nation as "Lettland", naming their colony Livonia or Livland.
The Latin form, Livonia, gradually referred to the whole territory of modern-day Latvia as well as southern Estonia, which had fallen under Germanic influence. Latvians and Lithuanians are the only surviving members of the Baltic languages branch of the Indo-European family.
Culture
Influences
Latvians share a common language and have a unique culture with traditions, holidays, customs and arts. The culture and religious traditions have been somewhat influenced by
Germanic peoples,
, and
traditions. Latvians have an ancient culture that has been archaeologically dated back to 3000 BC. Latvians maintained a considerable connection and trade with their neighbors. The first indications of human inhabitants on the lands of modern Latvia date archaeologically to 9000 BC, suggesting that the first settlers were hunters that stayed almost immediately following the end of the last ice age. Colonizers from the south arrived quickly, driving many of the hunters northward as polar ice caps melted further, or east, into modern-day
Russia,
Belarus, and
Ukraine. The
Roman Empire author
Tacitus remarked upon the "
Aestii" peoples, thought to be inhabitants of the modern Baltic lands, suggesting that they were abound with formidable, yet peaceful and hospitable people. The Latvian peoples remained relatively undisturbed until
Papal intervention via the
Germanic Peoples,
Teutonic Order colonized
Kurzeme region (Courland in English, Kurland in German), beginning in the first half of the 13th century. Papal decrees ordered the Teutonic Order to spread the "Word of the Lord" and the
Gospel of
Christianity throughout "uncivilized", "Pagan lands". Though these attempts to
Christianize the population failed, and the Teutonic Order eventually redeployed southward, to the region of what was once known as
East Prussia.
Religion
Baltic ethnic religion was followed in Latvia before it was invaded by the Christian
Teutonic Order (see: Latvian mythology).
Latvians still celebrate traditional feasts (Jāņi).
Dievturība is a modern revival of the
ethnic religion of the Latvians before
Christianization in the 13th century CE.
Most of the Christian Latvians claim to belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, but in Latgale and Alsunga Municipality the Roman Catholic Church is predominant, a small minority of Latvians belong to the Latvian Orthodox Church and other religious congregations.
Language
Latvians' ancestral language,
Latvian language, has been recorded since at least the 16th century.
It developed into a distinct language by the 9th century. It is part of a distinct linguistic branch of Indo-European languages: the
Baltic languages.
Another notable language of Latvia is the nearly extinct Livonian language, a member of the Baltic-Finnic sub-branch of the Uralic language family, which enjoys protection by law. The Latgalian language (a dialect of Latvian) is also protected by Latvian law as a historical variation of the Latvian language.
Genetics
Paternal haplogroups R1a and N1a1-Tat are the two most frequent, reaching 39.9% each among ethnic Latvians.
[ Kasperaviciute et al. 2004 (link broken)] R1a is associated with spread of Indo-European languages. R1a of Latvians is predominantly M558, and compared to other populations like
South Slavs and
West Slavs, Latvians also have the highest concentration of M558 among R1a. N1a1-Tat mutation originated in
Northeast Asia and had spread throughout the
Ural Mountains into Europe, where it is currently most common among Finno-Ugric,
Balts and
East Slavs. Latvians and Lithuanians have a predominance of the L550 branch of N1a1-Tat.
N1c1a was present in 41.5%, R1a1a-M558 in 35.2% and I1 (M253) in 6.3% of the samples analyzed.
Genetically, Latvians are closest with Lithuanians; to a lesser extent with Estonians, East Slavs, West Slavs and Finns.
See also
-
List of Latvians
-
Demographics of Latvia
-
Latvian Swedes
-
Latvian mythology
External links
