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Larsa (,ETCSL. The Lament for Nibru. Accessed 19 Dec 2010. read LarsamkiETCSL. The Temple Hymns. Accessed 19 Dec 2010.), also referred to as Larancha/Laranchon (Gk. Λαραγχων) by and connected with the biblical , was an important of ancient , the center of the cult of the with his temple E-babbar. It lies some southeast of in 's Dhi Qar Governorate, near the east bank of the Shatt-en-Nil canal at the site of the modern settlement Tell as-Senkereh or Sankarah.

Larsa is thought to be the source of a number of tablets involving Babylonian mathematics, including the Plimpton 322 tablet that contains patterns of Pythagorean triples.[3] Robson, Eleanor, "Words and Pictures: New Light on Plimpton 322", The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 105–20, 2002

History
Larsa is found (as UD.UNUG) on lexical lists from the Uruk 4 period (late 4th millennium BC). A few Proto-cuneiform tablets were also found there.Charvát, Petr, "From King to God: The NAMEŠDA Title in Archaic Ur", in Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg 20–25 Jul, edited by Gernot Wilhelm, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 265-274, 2012 Three Neolithic clay tokens, from a slightly early period, were also found at Larsa.Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. Before writing: From counting to cuneiform, Vol. II, University of Texas Press, 1992Overmann, Karenleigh A., The Material Origin of Numbers: Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, Table 9.2, pp. 169-170, 2019 For most of its history Larsa was primarily a cult site for the god Utu. In the early part of the 2nd millennium BC the First Dynasty of Lagash made it a major power for perhaps two centuries. The last known occupation was in the period.

Early Bronze Age
Early Dynastic IIIB
The historical "Larsa" was already in existence as early as the reign of Early Dynastic ruler of (circa 2500–2400 BC), who annexed it to his empire. In a large victory stele found at he wrote:

A later ruler, , nephew of Eannatum, is recorded on a foundation cone found at nearby as cancelling the debts of the citizens of Larsa "He cancelled obligations for the citizens of Uruk, Larsa, and Pa-tibira ... He restored (the second) to the god Utu’s control in Larsa ...".

Akkadian period
Larsa is attested in the Akkadian Empire in the of , daughter of Sargon of Akkad.

Ur III period
In the Ur III empire period that ended the millennium, its first ruler recorded, in a brick inscription found at Larse, rebuilding the E-babbar temple of Utu there.Frayne, Douglas, "Ur-Nammu E3/2.1.1". Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-90, 1997

Middle Bronze Age
The city became a political force during the Isin-Larsa period. After the Third Dynasty of Ur collapsed c. 2004 BC, , an official of the last king of the Third Dynasty of Ur, , relocated to and set up a government which purported to be the successor to the Third Dynasty of Ur. From there, Ishbi-Erra recaptured Ur as well as the cities of and Lagash, which Larsa was subject to. Subsequent rulers of Isin appointed governors to rule over Larsa; one such governor was an named . He eventually broke with Isin and established an independent dynasty in Larsa. To legitimize his rule and deliver a blow to Isin, Gungunum captured the city of Ur. In his year names he recorded the defeat of the distant Anshan in Elam as well as city-states closer to Larsa such as . As the region of Larsa was the main center of trade via the , Isin lost an enormously profitable trade route, as well as a city with much cultic significance.

Gungunum's two successors, (c. 1905–1894 BC) and (c. 1894–1865 BC), both took steps to cut Isin completely off from access to canals. Isin quickly lost political and economic influence.

Larsa grew powerful, but never accumulated a large territory. At its peak under king (c. 1822–1763 BC), Larsa controlled about 10–15 other city-states. In the latter half of this period the city of acted as a second capital of the city-state.Steinkeller, P., "A History of Mashkan-shapir and Its Role in the Kingdom of Larsa", In E. C. Stone & P. Zimansky (eds.), The Anatomy of a Mesopotamian City. Survey and Soundings at Mashkan-shapir, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, pp. 26-42, 2004Ali Ahmed Gadalla, Azza, "The City of Mashkan-Shabir and The Kingdom of Larsa", Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University 50.13, pp. 294-321, 2022 Nevertheless, huge building projects and agricultural undertakings can be detected archaeologically. After the defeat of Rim-Sin I by of , Larsa became a minor site, though it has been suggested that it was the home of the First of Babylon.W. G. Lambert, "The Home of the First Sealand Dynasty", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 26, pp. 208–210, 1974

Iron Age
Larsa was known to be active during the Neo-Babylonian, Achaemenid, and Hellenistic periods based on building brick inscriptions as well as a number of cuneiform texts from the Larsa temple of Samash which were found in Uruk.Beaulieu, Paul-Alain, "Neo-Babylonian Larsa: A Preliminary Study", Orientalia, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 58–81, 1991Boivin, O., "The ilku and Related Fiscal Obligations in Sixth Century Larsa", in: K. Kleber (ed.), Taxation in the Achaemenid Empire (Classica et Orientalia 26), Wiesbaden, pp. 153–176, 2021Beaulieu, P.-A., "A Finger in Every Pie: The Institutional Connections of a Family of Entrepreneurs in Neo-Babylonian Larsa", in: A.C.V.M. Bongenaar (ed.), Interdependency of Institutions and Private Entrepreneurs: Proceedings of the Second MOS Symposium, Leiden 1998 (PIHANS 87), Leiden, pp. 43–72, 2000Joannès, F., "Les débuts de l’époque hellénistique à Larsa", in: C. Breniquet/C. Kepinski (ed.), Études mésopotamiennes. Recueil de textes offerts à Jean-Louis Huot, Paris, pp. 249–264, 2001 The E-babbar of Utu/Shamash was destroyed by fire in the 2nd century BC and the area re-used for poorly built private homes.Lecomte, O., "Stratigraphical analysis and ceramic assemblages of the 4th–1st centuries B. C. E.Babbar of Larsa", in: U. Finkbeiner (ed.), Materialien zur Archäologie der Seleukiden- und Partherzeit im südlichen Babylonien und im Golfgebiet, Tübingen, pp. 17–39, 1993 The entire site was abandoned by the 1st century BC.Westenholz, Aage, "The Graeco-Babyloniaca Once Again", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie , vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 262-313, 2007

List of rulers
The following list should not be considered complete:
Ur III period ()
1st
(MC)

()
Isin-Larsa period ()
2nd
(MC)

(SC)
3rd
𒊓𒈪𒌝
(MC)

(SC)
4th
(MC)

(SC)
  • Son of Samium
  • temp. of
  • "Zabaya, Chief of the Amorites, son of Samium, rebuilt the Ebabbar"Weisberg, David B., "Zabaya, an Early King of the Larsa Dynasty", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 194–98, 1989
5th
𒀭𒄖𒌦𒄖𒉡𒌝
(MC)

(SC)
(29 years)
6th
𒀀𒉈𒊓𒊑𒂊
(MC)

(SC)
(11 years)
  • Son of Gungunum (?)
  • temp. of
  • Held the title of, "King"
7th
𒋢𒈬𒀭
(MC)

(SC)
(27 years)
  • Son of Abisare (?)
  • temp. of
  • Held the title of, "King"
8th
(MC)

(SC)
(15 years)
9th
𒀭𒂗𒍪𒄿𒁷𒈾𒄠
(MC)

(SC)
(7 years)
  • Son of Nur-Adad
  • temp. of
  • Held the title of, "King"
10th
𒋢𒈬𒀭
(MC)

(SC)
(2 years)
  • Son of Ga’eš-rabi
  • temp. of
  • Held the title of, "King of Sumer and Akkad"
11th
𒀭𒂗𒍪𒄿𒆠𒊭𒄠
(MC)

(SC)
(5 years)
  • Son of Sin-Eribam
  • temp. of
  • Held the title of, "King"
12th
(MC)

(SC)
(less than 1 year)
  • Son of Sin-Iqisham (?)
  • temp. of
  • Held the title of, "King"
13th
𒆪𒁺𒌨𒈠𒁍𒊌
(MC)

(SC)
  • Son of Temti-Shilhak (?)
  • May have come from an family
  • temp. of Naram-Sin
14th
𒀴𒀭𒂗𒍪
(MC)

(SC)
(12 years)
  • temp. of
  • May have come from an Elamite family
  • Possible co-regency with his father (Kudur-Mabuk)Fiette, Baptiste, ""King" Kudur-Mabuk. A Study on the Identity of a Mesopotamian Ruler Without a Crown", Die Welt des Orients, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 275-294, 2020
  • Held the title of, "King"
15th
𒀭𒊑𒅎𒀭𒂗𒍪
(MC)

(SC)
(60 years)
  • Brother of Warad-Sin (?)
  • Defeated by of
  • Held the title of, "King of Sumer and Akkad"
Old Babylonian period ()

𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉
(MC)

(SC)

𒊓𒄠𒋢𒄿𒇻𒈾
(MC)

(SC)
  • Son of Hammurabi
  • temp. of Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
16th
𒀭𒊑𒅎𒀭𒂗𒍪
(MC)

(SC)
  • temp. of Samsu-iluna
  • Nephew of Rim-Sin I (?)
  • Killed in revolt against
  • Held the title of, "King"

Archaeology
The remains of Larsa cover an area of about 200 hectares. The highest point is around in height.

The site of Tell es-Senkereh was first excavated, under the rudimentary archaeological standards of his day, by William Loftus in 1850 for less than a month.[4] William Loftus, "Travels and researches in Chaldæa and Susiana; with an account of excavations at Warka, the Erech of Nimrod, and Shúsh, Shushan the Palace of Esther, in 1849–52", J. Nisbet and Co., 1857 Loftus recovered building bricks of Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire which enabled the site's identification as the ancient city of Larsa. Much of the effort by Loftus was on the temple of , rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II. Inscriptions of of the of and of the First Babylonian dynasty were also found. Larsa was also briefly worked by in 1903. The site was inspected by Edgar James Banks in 1905. He found that widespread looting by the local population was occurring there.[5] Edgar James Banks, "Senkereh, the Ruins of Ancient Larsa", The Biblical World, 25, no. 5, pp. 389–392, 1905

The first modern, scientific, excavation of Senkereh occurred in 1933, with the work of André Parrot.Andre Parrot, "Villes enfouies. Trois campagnes de fouilles en Mésopotamie", 1935A. Parrot, "Les fouilles de Tello et de. Senkereh-Larsa, campagne 1932–1933", Revue d'Assyriologie, 30, pp. 169–182, 1933 Parrot worked at the location again in 1967.André Parrot, "Les fouilles de Larsa", Syria, 45, pp. 205–239, 1968Parrot, André, "Les Fouilles de Larsa. Deuxième et Troisième Campagnes (1967)", Syria, vol. 45, no. 3/4, pp. 205–39, 1968 In 1969 and 1970, Larsa was excavated by Jean-Claude Margueron.Jean-Claude Margueron, "Larsa, rapport preliminaire sur la quatrieme campagne", Syria, 47, pp. 261-277, 1970Jean-Claude Margueron, "Larsa, rapport preliminaire sur la cinquieme campagne", Syria, 48, pp. 271–287, 1971 Between 1976 and 1991, an expedition of the Delegation Archaeologic Francaise en Irak led by J-L. Huot excavated at Tell es-Senereh for 13 seasons.J. L. Huot et al., "Larsa, Preliminary Report on the Sixth Campaign", Sumer, 34, pp. 140–164, 1978J-L. Huot, "Larsa, rapport preliminaire sur la septieme campagne Larsa et la premiere campagne Tell el 'Oueili (1976)", Syria, 55, pp. 183–223, 1978J-L. Huot, "Larsa et 'Oueili, travaux de 1978–1981", vol. 26, Memoire, Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, 1983 J-L. Huot, "Larsa, Travaux de 1985", Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, 1989 The primary focus of the excavation was the Neo-Babylonian E-Babbar temple of Utu/Shamash. Floors and wall repairs showed its continued use in the Hellenistic period. A tablet, found on the earliest Hellenistic floor, was dated to the reign of Philip Arrhidaeus (320 BC). Soundings showed that the Neo-Babylonian temple followed that plan of the prior Kassite and earlier temples.J.-L. Huot, "Larsa (10e campagne, 1983) et Oueili: Rapport preliminaire", Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, 1987 Numerous inscriptions and cuneiform tablets were found representing the reigns of numerous rulers, from to Hammurabi all the way up to Nebuchadnezzar II.D. Arnaud, "French Archaeological Mission in Iraq. A Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets and Inscribed Objects Found during the 6th Season in Tell Senkereh/Larsa", Sumer, 34, pp. 165–176, 1978Huot, J.-L., "L’E. babbar de Larsa aux IIe et Ier millénaires (fouilles de 1974 à 1985)", BAH 205, Beyrouth, 2014

In 2019 excavations were resumed. The first season began with a topographic survey, by drone and surface survey, to refine and correct the mapping from early excavations. Excavation was focused on a large construction of the Hellenistic period built north of the E-Babbar temple.[6] Lionel Darras, Régis Vallet, "La découverte des remparts de Larsa (Iraq) par la géophysique", XXIIIe colloque du GMPCA : Archéométrie 2022, May 2022, Chambéry, France[7] Vallet, R. et al., "Preliminary Report on the XIVth and XVth Campaigns at Larsa", Sumer LXVI, pp. 133-176, 2020 The first season included a magnetometer survey.[8] Darras, Lionel, and Régis Vallet, "Magnetic signatures of urban structures: Case study from Larsa (Iraq, 6th–1st Millennium BC)", ArcheoSciences, Revue d'archéométrie 45-1, pp. 51-54, 2021 Excavations continued with one month seasons in 2021 and 2022. They have been able to trace a very large system of internal canals and a port area, all linked to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Old Babylonian times. In a destroyed level of the Grand Viziers residence 59 cuneiform tablets, fragments and envelopes dated to the time of and were found. Geophysical work continued including on the 10-20 meter wide rampart wall that enclosed Larsa, with six main gates.[9] Regis Vallet, "Larsa-'Uwaili Annual Report 2021-2022: Preliminary Report on the Results of the XVIth & XVIIth Campaigns at Larsa and the Xth Campaign at Tell el ‘Uwaili", State Board of Antiquities and Heritage of Iraq. 2022

See also
  • Cities of the ancient Near East
  • Short chronology timeline
  • Letter from Iddin-Sin to Zinu

Further reading
  • [10] Abid, Basima Jalil, and Ahmed Naji Sabee, "The fattening barn in Larsa and its role in providing the cities with offerings (Naptanu) from the reign of the King Rim Sin", ISIN Journal 1, 2021
  • Arnaud, Daniel, "Catalogue Des Textes Trouvés Au Cours Des Fouilles et Des Explorations Régulières de La Mission Française a Tell Senkereh-Larsa En 1969 et 1970", Syria, vol. 48, no. 3/4, pp. 289–93, 1971
  • Arnaud, Daniel, Texte aus Larsa. Die epigraphischen Funde der 1. Kampagne in Senkereh-Larsa 1933. Berlin: Reimer, 1994, .
  • Birot, Maurice, "Découvertes Épigraphiques a Larsa (Campagnes 1967)", Syria, vol. 45, no. 3/4, pp. 241–47, 1968
  • Judith K. Bjorkman, "The Larsa Goldsmith's Hoards-New Interpretations", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 1993
  • T. Breckwoldt, "Management of grain storage in Old Babylonian Larsa", Archiv für Orientforschung, no. 42–43, pp. 64–88, 1995–1996
  • Calvet, Y., et al., "Larsa Rapport Préliminaire Sur La Sixième Campagne de Fouilles", Syria, vol. 53, no. 1/2, pp. 1–45, 1976
  • Calvet Y., "Un niveau protodynastique à Larsa", Huot J.-L. (ed.), Larsa. Travaux de 1987 et 1989, BAH 165, Beyrouth, pp. 23–28, 2003
  • Charpin, D. 2018, "En marge d’EcritUr, 1 : un temple funéraire pour la famille royale de Larsa?", Notes Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 2018, no 1, 2018
  • Charpin, D., "Enanedu et les prêtresses-enum du dieu Nanna à Ur à l’époque paléo-babylonienne", in D. Charpin, M. Béranger, B. Fiette & A. Jacquet, Nouvelles recherches sur les archives d’Ur d’époque paléo-babylonienne. Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 22, Paris: Société pour l’Étude du Proche-Orient ancien, pp. 187–210, 2020
  • Feuerherm, Karljürgen G., "Architectural Features of Larsa’s Urban Dwelling B 27", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 193–204, 2007
  • [11] Madeleine Fitzgerald, "The Rulers of Larsa", Yale University Dissertation, 2002
  • Fitzgerald, M. A., "The ethnic and political identity of the Kudur-mabuk dynasty", CRRAI 48, Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp. 101–110, 2005
  • Földi, Zsombor J., "Prosopography of Old Babylonian Documents from Larsa: On Seal Inscriptions, the King’s Name and the So-Called "Double Filiation"", pp. 517-538, 2023
  • Goetze, Albrecht, "Sin-Iddinam of Larsa. New Tablets from His Reign", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 83–118, 1950
  • [12] Ettalene M. Grice, "Records from Ur and Larsa dated in the Larsa Dynasty", Yale University Press, 1919
  • [13] Ettalene M. Grice, Clarence E. Keiser, Morris Jastrow, "Chronology of the Larsa Dynasty", AMS Press, 1979
  • Huot, J.-L., Rougeulle, A., Suire, J., "La structure urbaine de Larsa, une approche provisoire", in J.-L. Huot (ed.), Larsa, Travaux de 1985, ERC, Paris, pp. 19–52, 1989
  • Huot, Jean-Louis, et al., "Larsa. Rapport Préliminaire Sur La Huitième Campagne a Larsa et La Deuxième Campagne a Tell El ’Oueili (1978)", Syria, vol. 58, no. 1/2, pp. 7–148, 1981
  • Kaerki, Ilmari, Die sumerischen und akkadischen Königsinschriften der altbabylonischen Zeit 1. - Isin, Larsa, Uruk, Studia orientalia 49, Helsinki, 1980, .
  • W.F. Leemans, "Legal and economic records from the Kingdom of Larsa", Brill, 1954
  • [14] Lutz, Henry Frederick, "Early Babylonian Letters from Larsa", Yale University Press, 1917
  • Marcel Segrist, "Larsa Year Names", Andrews University Press, 1990
  • Tyborowski, Witold, "Šēp-Sîn, a Private Businessman of the Old Babylonian Larsa", Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 33, pp. 68–88, 2003

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