The Kunstkamera (, derived from German Kunstkammer lit. "art chamber") formally organized as the Russian Academy of Science's Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (, Muzey antropologii i etnografii imeni Petra Velikogo Rossiyskoy akademii nauk) - abbreviated in Russian as the МАЭ or МАЭ РАН; is a Russian public museum of science located on the Universitetskaya Embankment in Saint Petersburg, facing the Winter Palace. Its collection was first opened at the Summer Palace by Peter the Great in 1714 as Russia's first public museum. Enlarged by purchases from the Dutch collectors Albertus Seba and Frederik Ruysch, the museum was moved to its present location in 1727. Although most known for its "grotesques," the museum houses nearly 2,000,000 items, including materials from various non-Russian countries.
The Kunstkamera is notable as a surviving example of Petrine Baroque.
History
As part of Peter the Great's establishment of
St Petersburg as the new
Russian Empire capital, he established an imperial cabinet of curiosities - or kunstkammer - dedicated to preserving "natural and human curiosities and rarities" in the manner of some of the other European courts since the 16th century. Such cabinets allowed rulers and the elite to acquire a fuller knowledge of the world and to demonstrate their control over it. Peter's personal collection was first exhibited to the public at the Summer Palace in 1714, which is used by the present museum as its founding date. Peter's main interest was in natural things (
naturalia) rather than manmade ones (
artificialia). A major component of the original collection was a large assortment of human and animal
with various
, many of which Peter had acquired in 1697 from
Frederick Ruysch and
Levinus Vincent. Peter encouraged research into
deformities, particularly in order to debunk
superstition fear of monsters. In particular, he issued a ukase ordering malformed stillborn infants to be sent from anywhere in Russia to the imperial collection. He subsequently had them put on show in the Kunstkamera as examples of accidents of nature.
[Driessen-Van het Reve, J.J. (2006) De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711–1752. English summary, pp. 335–336.]
The present Kunstkamera is a turreted Petrine Baroque building designed by architect Georg Johann Mattarnovy. Its foundation stone was laid in 1719 and it was fully completed in 1727. A separate building had become necessary after the purchase of large collections from the Dutch pharmacologist Albertus Seba in 1716 and the Dutch anatomist Frederik Ruysch in 1717. Examination and organization of these collections also spurred the creation of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A third acquisition came from Jacob de Wilde, a collector of gems and scientific instruments. These purchases were largely organized by Robert Erskine, Peter's chief physician, and his secretary Johann Daniel Schumacher.[Driessen-Van het Reve, J.J. (2006) De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711–1752. English summary, pp. 337–338.]
Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
In the 1830s, the Kunstkamera collections were dispersed to newly established imperial museums, the most important being the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, established in 1879. It has a collection approaching 2,000,000 items and has been known as the Peter the Great Museum since 1903 in order to distinguish it from the Russian Museum of Ethnography. In 1747 some objects were lost in a fire.
List of directors
See also
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List of museums in Saint Petersburg
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Globe of Gottorf (one of the museum's main artistic pieces)
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Pushkin House (occupied the rooms in the Kunstkamera building in 1905–27)
Bibliography
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Vladimir Romanovich Arsenyev. 1999. Le musée d'Anthropologie et d'Ethnographie Pierre-le-Grand à Saint-Pétersbourg. Cahiers d'Études africaines 39, no. 155/156: 681–699.
External links
