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Kudungga (read: "Ku-ṇḍu-ṅga", honorific title: Maharaja Kudungga Anumerta Devavarman) was the founder of the Kutai Martadipura kingdom who ruled around the year 350 AD or 4th century AD. Kudungga first ruled the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura as a community leader or chieftain. Pustaka sekolah diakses 13 Maret 2015 During Kudungga's rule, Kutai Martadipura did not have a regular and systematical system of governance. Melayu Online diakses 20 Februari 2015 By contrast, the latest claim said that Maharaja Kudungga was possibly a king from the ancient kingdom of Bakulapura in Tebalrung (now Tebalai Indah, Muara Kaman) , and Asvavarman which was his son-in-law rather than his son, then became the first king of Kutai Martadipura.
In the yupas, there were inscriptions found written using the Pallava script script in the Sanskrit language. Letters engraved on the yupa were thought to have come from the end of the 4th century or early 5th century AD. All of the monument stones were issued at the command of a leader named Maharaja Mulavarman Naladewa.Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro & nugroho notosusanto, 1993. Sejarah nasional Indonesia II. Balai pustaka:Jakarta Mulavarman was allegedly an Indianized name of the indigenous people because the name of his grandfather, namely Kudungga (there were also mentions of Kudunga or Kundungga) was the original name of an indigenous Indonesian. Kudungga was believed to be the forerunner of the first leader of the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura, while Mulavarman is the successor of Asvavarman (son of Kudungga) who brought the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura to glory.
R.M. Ng. Poerbatjaraka (1952) interpreted the circuit Pallava inscriptions in Sanskrit recorded on the yupas about the genealogy of the kings who had ruled in the early days of the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura in translation:R.M.Ng.Poerbatjaraka, 1952. Riwajat Indonesia I. Jajasan Pembangunan:Jakarta
Translation:
From the inscriptions of the artifact above, it can be concluded that the first king of Kutai Martadipura was Kudungga. Kudungga had a son named Asvavarman who then passed the leadership of the kingdom of Kutai. Asvavarman had three children. Of the three children Aswawarman had, there was a child who was the most prominent, the child's name is Mulavarman who was the crown prince.R.M.Ng.Poerbatjaraka, 1952. Riwajat Indonesia I. Jajasan Pembangunan:Jakarta
Poesponegoro and Notosusanto (1993) further concluded that the most likely theory was that both Kudungga who named his son Asvavarman, and Asvavarman himself named his son Mulavarman, eager to equate their degree and their ancestral alignment with the Ksahtriya caste in India. This possibility was based on the fact that the word "varman" is derived from Sanskrit, which was usually used as a suffix for the names of people in southern India. In the Hindu tradition that came from India, the social system of society is divided into classes, known as castes where members of the warrior caste (Kshatriyas) and the aristocratic/priestly caste (Brahmins) were treated highly .
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