Kitigaaryuit (also spelled Kittigazuit) is a historic Inuvialuit settlement in Canada's Northwest Territories. It was the traditional territory of the Kitigaaryungmiut band of Inuvialuit. The site, which is situated near the junction of the Mackenzie River's East Channel and Kugmallit Bay, encompasses the villages of Kitigaaryuk and Tchenerark, which are located on a small island, and the adjacent village of Kuugaatchiaq, located on the mainland to the west of the island.
History
Kitigaaryuit bears evidence of human settlement dating back to at least 1400 AD.
During the summer, it was an important site for
beluga whale hunting, and the largest known gatherings of Inuvialuit (up to 1000 people) are said to have occurred there. The very shallow waters in the area made it a sort of trap for belugas, which were hunted by groups of men in
kayaks using harpoons. Kitigaaryuit's population varied by season; many Kitigaaryungmiut left the area around the start of autumn because better hunting prospects could be found elsewhere. In December, people would return for seasonal celebrations, but soon depart, only to return for the next beluga hunt. Inhabitants lived in
caribou skin tents in the summer season and in multi-family wooden houses during the winter. Large buildings called
qadjgit or
kajigi were used as gathering places for men and for ceremonial purposes.
While the Inuvialuit of the Mackenzie Delta had some prior contact with foreign traders, exposure to Western society increased after 1889, when large groups of American whalers began travelling to the area. Beginning in 1892, Christian missionaries, including
Isaac Stringer, made visits to Kitigaaryuit; Stringer compiled detailed observations of Kitigaaryungmiut culture and drew maps of the area. In 1893, Stringer recorded the population of Kitigaaryuit as 197, a stark decrease from previous estimates. Epidemic disease resulting from increased contact with outsiders was likely responsible for much of this population decline.
A major epidemic of measles occurred in 1902, leading the remaining inhabitants to flee from Kitigaryuk. It would remain deserted for several years. An Inuvialuk elder recounted in an oral history interview:
People slowly returned, but by 1909, the population of Kitigaaryuit had declined to 103, many of whom were Alaskan [[Inupiat]] rather than Inuvialuit.
Archaeology
The ruins of Inuvialuit winter dwellings can be found at Kitigaaryuk, along with hundreds of traditional grave sites.
A 1969 expedition noted remains of the Hudson's Bay trading post and an associated log cabin and ice house. Excavations have revealed a great number of beluga whale bones. The Kittigazuit Archaeological Sites National Historic Site of Canada was established on the island in 1978.
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