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Chłopomania () or Khlopomanstvo ( ) are historical and literary terms inspired by the movement and the Ukrainian Hromady. The expressions refer to the 's fascination with, and interest in, the peasantry in late-19th-century Galicia and right-bank Ukraine.

Though originally used in jest,Daniel Beauvois, "Eux et les autres: les mémorialistes polonais des confins de l'Est au XXe siècle", in Marek Tomaszewski, ed., Pologne singulière et plurielle: la prose polonaise contemporaine: études sur l'individualisme et la sociabilité, l'identité unique ou multiple, , Presses Universitaires de Lille, 1993, , p. 141.Aleksei I. Miller, The Ukrainian Question: The Russian Empire and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century, Budapest, Central European University Press, 2003, , pp. 76-77. with time the renewed interest in folk traditions influenced the national revivals in Poland and Ukraine, both ruled by foreign empires. "Peasant-mania", a manifestation of both and , arose during Galicia's rule by and touched both and . It also manifested itself in the in forms of , where it strongly contributed to the shaping of modern Ukrainian culture. Chłopomania also contributed to formation of Hromadas (communities of Ukrainian intelligentsia).


Etymology
The terms literally mean "peasant-mania", being of Slavic chłop / xлоп, which stands for '', and Hellenic -, in the senses of 'enthusiasm' or 'craze'.


History
The political situation of the region led many intellectuals (Poles and Ukrainians) to believe that the only alternative to is getting back to the folk roots: moving out of large cities and mixing with "simple men". Focusing on chłopomania within , literary historian Constantin Geambaşu argues: "Initially, the Cracovian ' interest in the village followed purely artistic goals. Preoccupied with the idea of national freedom, the democratic Polish intellectuals were made aware of the necessity to attract and enlist the peasantry's potential in view of Poland's independence movement. The notion of social solidarity is formed and consolidated as a solution to overcome the impasse faced by Polish society, especially given the failure of the ."

Chłopomania spread into Carpathian Ruthenia and the Russian Empire, touching the westernmost parts of (Right-bank Ukraine, etc.). This section of the movement merged into the larger current, which brought together partisans and sympathizers of Ukrainian nationalism irrespective of cultural or ethnic background. scholar Aleksei I. Miller defines the social makeup of some chłopomania groups (whose members are known as chłopomani or khlopomany) in terms of reversed : " Khlopomany were young people from Polish or traditionally families who, due to their populist convictions, rejected social and cultural belonging to their stratum and strove to approach the local peasantry." Similarly, researcher John-Paul Himka describes the Ukrainian chłopomani as "primarily Poles of Right Bank Ukraine", noting that their contribution was in line with a tradition of "Ukrainophile" cooperation against the and the Russophiles.John-Paul Himka, "The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus': Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions", in Ronald Grigor Suny, Michael D. Kennedy (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2001, p.139. In reference to the cultural crossover between the two ethnic versions of chłopomania, historian Daniel Beauvois noted that "in certain numbers", chłopomani from within the Polish gentry contributed to "reinforcing the Ukrainian movement". Miller however focuses on the movement's role in exacerbating tensions between Ukrainians, Poles and the Russian administrators. He writes: "The government could not but rejoice at the fact that some khlopomany renounced their Catholic faith, converted to Orthodoxy, and refused to support the Polish national movement. However, the Polish ill-wishers were quick to draw the government's attention to the subversive flavor of the khlopomanys social views and their pro-Ukrainophile orientation. The authorities were more often than not inclined to pay heed to these accusations, being guided more by the instinct of social solidarity with Polish landowners than by the strategy of national confrontation with the Poles."

According to Himka, the earliest chłopomani, active in the early 1860s, included Paulin Święcicki, who dedicated much of his career to advancing the Ukrainian cause. Among the best-known representatives of this circle of intellectuals are Stanisław Wyspiański (whose The Wedding is occasionally associated with chłopomania as its standard manifesto). In 1900 Wyspiański married the mother of his four children Teodora Pytko from a village near Kraków. In November of the same year he participated in the peasant wedding of his friend, poet in Bronowice. Stanisław Wyspiański , biography at the Adam Mickiewicz Institute; retrieved December 28, 2009R. Starzewski, " Wesele by Stanisław Wyspiański" (original review) , at the Jagiellonian University; retrieved December 28, 2009 Wyspiański's Herbal Motives Exhibition , at the National Museum in Kraków; retrieved December 28, 2009 Other prominent figures include intellectuals associated with the Ukrainian magazine , primarily Volodymyr Antonovych and , as well as poet .

Scholars have noted links between chłopomania and currents emerging in regions neighboring Galicia, both inside and outside Austria-Hungary. Literary historian John Neubauer described it as part of late 19th century "populist strains" in the literature of East-Central Europe, in close connection to the Głos magazine (published in ) and with the ideas of cultural activists Jaan Tõnisson and Villem Reiman.John Neubauer, Marcel Cornis-Pope etc., "Part I. Publishing and Censorship", in History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, Vol. 3, , Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2004, p.53. Neubauer also traces the inspiration of chłopomania to Władysław Reymont and his Nobel-winning Chłopi novel, as well as seeing it manifested in the work of Young Poland authors such as . According to Beauvois, the participation of various Poles in the Ukrainian branch of the movement was later echoed in the actions of Stanisław Stempowski, who, although a Pole, invested in improving the living standard of Ukrainian peasants in . Miller also notes that the movement had echoes in areas of the Russian Empire other than Congress Poland and Ukraine, highlighting one parallel, "albeit of a much lesser dimension", in what later became . The notion of chłopomania was specifically linked by Geambaşu with the Sămănătorist and currents cultivated by intellectuals from the Kingdom of Romania and .


See also


External links


Further reading
  • Berestenko O.V., Shamara S.O. The National Renaissance of the “Khlopomans” in the History of Polish and Ukrainian Self-Determinations (Social and Psychological Research).

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