The iron maiden is a torture device, consisting of a solid iron cabinet with a hinged front and spike-covered interior, sufficiently tall to enclose a human being. While often popularly thought to have been used in the Middle Ages, the first stories citing the iron maiden were composed in the 19th century. The use of iron maidens is considered to be a myth, heightened by the belief that people of the Middle Ages were uncivilized; evidence of their actual use has never been found. They have become a popular image in media involving the Middle Ages and involving .
History
Despite its reputation as a medieval instrument of torture, there is no evidence of the existence of iron maidens before the 19th century.
[.] There are, however, ancient reports of the Spartan tyrant Nabis using a similar device around 200 B.C. for extortion and murder. The Abbasid vizier Ibn al-Zayyat is said to have created a "wooden oven-like chest that had iron spikes" for torture, which would ironically be used during his own imprisonment and execution in 847.
Wolfgang Schild, a professor of criminal law, criminal law history, and philosophy of law at the Bielefeld University, has argued that putative iron maidens were pieced together from artifacts found in museums to create spectacular objects intended for (commercial) exhibition.[.] and several torture museums[.][.][.] in Europe.
Possible inspirations
The 19th-century iron maidens may have been constructed as a misinterpretation of a medieval
Schandmantel, which was made of wood and metal but without spikes.
[.] Inspiration for the iron maiden may also have come from the Carthaginian execution of Marcus Atilius Regulus as recorded in
Tertullian's "To the Martyrs" (Chapter 4) and Augustine of Hippo's
The City of God (I.15), in which the
Ancient Carthage "shut him into a tight wooden box, where he was forced to stand, spiked with the sharpest nails on all sides so that he could not lean in any direction without being pierced,"
[Translation by Gerald G. Walsh, S.J., Demetrius B. Zema, S.J., Grace Monahan, O.S.U., and Daniel J. Honan.] or from
Polybius' account of Nabis of
Sparta's deadly statue of his wife, the Iron Apega (earliest form of the device).
[.][.]
The iron maiden of Nuremberg
The most famous iron maiden that popularized the design was that of
Nuremberg, first displayed possibly as far back as 1802. The original was lost in the Allied bombing of Nuremberg in 1945. A copy "from the Royal Castle of Nuremberg", crafted for public display, was sold through J. Ichenhauser of London to the Earl of Shrewsbury in 1890 along with other torture devices, and, after being displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, 1893, was taken on an American tour.
[ "Famous torture instruments: the Earl of Shrewsbury's collection soon to be exhibited here", The New York Times, 26 November 1893 accessed 20 June 2009, refers particularly only to the "justly-celebrated iron maiden".] This copy was auctioned in the early 1960s and is now on display at the Medieval Crime Museum, Rothenburg ob der Tauber.
[It was notably absent from the remainder of the collection, auctioned at Guernsey's, New York, in May 2009 ( Richard Pyle, Associated Press, "For sale in NYC: torture devices").]
Origins
Some historians have argued that Johann Philipp Siebenkees (1759–1796) made up the history of the device.
According to Siebenkees'
colportage, it was first used on August 14, 1515, to execute a coin
Forgery.
[Wolfgang Schild, Die Eiserne Jungfrau, 2002.]
See also
Further reading
External links
