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Intellipedia is an online system for collaborative data sharing used by the United States Intelligence Community (IC).[1] It was established as a pilot project in late 2005 and formally announced in April 2006.INSA, Analytic Transformation, September 2007, p. 12. Intellipedia consists of three running on the separate JWICS (Intellipedia-TS), SIPRNet (Intellipedia-S), and DNI-U (Intellipedia-U) Computer network. The levels of classification allowed for information on the three wikis are Top Secret Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS SCI), Secret (S), and Sensitive But Unclassified (SBU or FOUO) information, respectively. Each of the wikis is used by individuals with appropriate clearances from the 18 agencies of the IC and other national-security related organizations, including Combatant Commands and other federal departments. The wikis are not open to the public.Vogel, Steve, " For Intelligence Officers, A Wiki Way to Connect Dots ", Washington Post, August 27, 2009, p. 23.
Intellipedia is a project of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) Intelink (ICES) office headquartered in Fort Meade, Maryland. It includes information on the regions, people, and issues of interest to the communities using its host networks. Intellipedia uses MediaWiki, the same software used by the Wikipedia free-content encyclopedia project. In contrast to Wikipedia, its intelligence analogue encourages editing that incorporates personal points of view regardless of rank as it was decided that, "much of the self-corrective knowledge in the Intelligence Community resides in personal points of view," and that "not all good ideas originate at the top."
The Secret version connected to SIPRNet serves Department of Defense and the Department of State personnel, many of whom do not use the Top Secret JWICS network on a day-to-day basis. Users on unclassified networks can access Intellipedia from remote terminals outside their workspaces via a VPN, in addition to their normal workstations. Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) users share information on the unclassified Intelink-U wiki.
Intellipedia was at least partially inspired by a paper written for the Galileo Award (an essay competition set up by the CIA and later taken over by the DNI), which encouraged any employee at any intelligence agency to submit new ideas to improve information sharing. The first essay selected was by Calvin Andrus, chief technology officer of the Center for Mission Innovation at the CIA, entitled "The Wiki and the Blog: Toward a Complex Adaptive Intelligence Community". Andrus' essay argued that the power of the Internet had come from the boom in self-publishing, and noted how Wikipedia's open-door policy allowed it to cover new subjects quickly.D. Calvin Andrus, Ph.D. Office of Application Services, Central Intelligence Agency. The wiki and the blog: Toward a complex adaptive intelligence community, Studies in Intelligence, Volume 49, Number 3, September 2005. Published on the Web as,
The original version was developed in beta form in late 2004 by technologists at the Defense Intelligence Agency, adapting MediaWiki open-source software for deployment on the DIA-managed JWICS SCI network. In 2005 DIA officials arranged to transfer the software and content to community-wide management under ODNI auspices, to increase the system's utility and comprehensiveness. "US Government Agency Embraces Web 2.0" , PCWorld, February 23, 2007 Richard A. Russell, Deputy Assistant Director of National Intelligence for Information Sharing Customer Outreach (ISCO) said it was created so "analysts in different agencies that work X or Y can go in and see what other people are doing on subject X or Y and add in their two cents worth or documents that they have. What we are after here is 'decision superiority', not 'information superiority.'"
In 2007, after sixteen months of being available across the entire community, it was noted by officials that the top-secret version of Intellipedia alone (hosted on JWICS) had 29,255 articles, with an average of 114 new articles and more than 6,000 article edits added each workday.
As of 2009, the overall Intellipedia project hosted 900,000 pages edited by 100,000 users, with 5,000 page edits per day. As of 2014, Intellipedia contained around 269,000 articlesKaven Waddel. The Government’s Secret Wiki for Intelligence: Analysts reportedly tucked classified information about Russian hacking inside Intellipedia for safekeeping, The Atlantic, March 3, 2017. with the Top Secret Intellipedia counting 113,000 content pages with 255,000 users.
During the last weeks of the Obama administration, a large amount of information about the investigation into Russian election interference was dumped on the site. It was hoped that the site would prevent information on the topic to be "swept under a rug" by the incoming Trump administration and serve as "breadcrumbs" for congressional investigators.
Some view Intellipedia as risky because it allows more information to be viewed and shared. However, Michael Wertheimer, Mike McConnell's assistant deputy director for analysis, stated that it was worth the risk, stating that although the project was greeted initially with "a lot of resistance" because it ran counter to past practice which sought to limit the pooling of information, there were risks in everything; "the key is risk management, not risk avoidance." Though some encouragement was necessary to spur contributions from the traditional intelligence community Wertheimer said the system appealed to the new generation of intelligence analysts because of its "new way of thinking."
In a September 10, 2007, testimony before the United States Congress, Michael McConnell, former Director of National Intelligence, cited the increasing use of Intellipedia among analysts and its ability to help experts pool their knowledge, form virtual teams, and make assessments. Michael McConnell. "Confronting the Terrorist Threat to the Homeland: Six Years after 9/11 ", Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, September 10, 2007
, a 2008 book by several intelligence analysis experts, cited Intellipedia as evidence of the changing nature of analysis.Roger George, James Bruce, et al., Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations, Georgetown University Press, April 2008 Eric Haseltine said that "It's hard to overstate what Burke did. They made a major transformation overnight with no money after other programs failed to achieve these results with millions of dollars in funding," noting that intelligence analysts "reacted 'more quickly and more intelligently' to potential terrorist threats than they would have without Intellipedia".
During 2006 and 2007, inspired by the barnstar used on both Wikipedia and MeatballWiki, Intellipedia editors awarded symbolic shovels to users to distinguish Wiki gardening and to encourage others in the community to contribute. A template with a picture of the limited-edition shovel (actually a trowel) was created to place on User profile for Intellipedians to show their gardening status. The handle bears the imprint: "I dig Intellipedia! It's wiki wiki, Baby." The shovels have since been replaced with a mug bearing the tag line, "Intellipedia: it's what we know".
Different agencies have experimented with other ways of encouraging participation. For example, at the CIA, managers have held contests for best pages with prizes such as free dinners.
Chris Rasmussen, knowledge management officer at the Defense Department's National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), argues that "gimmicks" like the Intellipedia shovel, posters, and handbills, encourage people to use Web 2.0 tools like Intellipedia and are effective low-tech solutions to promote their use, also stating that "social software–based contributions should be written in an employee's performance plan"." Government taps the power of us: Officials turn to blogs and wikis to share information and achieve goals ", Federal Computer Week, May 21, 2007
Community practices
The wiki provides so much flexibility that several offices throughout the community using it to maintain and transfer knowledge on daily operations and events.Executive Biz, Executive Spotlight with Jesse Wilson, October 11, 2007 Anyone with access to read it has permission to create and edit articles after acquiring an account with Intelink. Since Intellipedia is intended to be a platform for harmonizing the various points of view of the agencies and analysts of the Intelligence Community, Intellipedia does not enforce a neutral point of view policy. Instead, viewpoints are attributed to the agencies, offices, and individuals participating, with the hope that a consensus view will emerge. Intellipedia also contains non-encyclopedic content including meeting notes and items of internal, administrative interest. Deputy DNI Thomas Fingar made a comparison to eBay, where the reliability of sellers is rated by buyers. He said:
Intellipedia. It's been written up. It's the Wikipedia on a classified network, with one very important difference: it's not anonymous. We want people to establish a reputation. If you're really good, we want people to know you're good. If you're making contributions, we want that known. If you're an idiot, we want that known too.
Training
Several agencies in the Intelligence community, particularly the CIA and NGA, have developed training programs to provide time to integrate social software tools into analysts' daily work. These classes focus on the use of Intellipedia to capture and manage knowledge, but they also incorporate the use of the other social software tools, including , RSS, and social bookmarking. The courses stress immersion in the tools and instructors encourage participants to work on a specific Intellipedia projects. The courses also expose participants to social media technologies on the Internet. Radio interview that highlights Intelligence Community social software training programs, Federal News Radio, November 5, 2007 Executive Spotlight Interview with Sean Dennehy , ExecutiveBiz, December 5, 2007 Executive Spotlight Interview with Chris Rasmussen, ExecutiveBiz, October 25, 2007
Awards
In 2009, Don Burke and Sean P. Dennehy, two early Intellipedia users, were awarded the "Homeland Security Service to America Medal" by the Partnership for Public Service for "Promoting information sharing across the intelligence community through the development and implementation of Intellipedia."
See also
Further reading
External links
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