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Iguanidae
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The Iguanidae is a family of composed of the , , and their prehistoric relatives,

(1998). 9780121785604, Academic Press.
including the widespread .

Taxonomy
Iguanidae is thought to be the sister group to the (family ). This family likely first appeared in , previously identified two genera ( and ) are unlikely to belong to this family. The subfamily , which contains all modern genera, likely originated in the earliest , about 62 million years ago. The most basal extant genus, , diverged from the rest of Iguaninae during the late , about 38 million years ago, with following a few million years later at about 35 million years ago, presumably after its dispersal event to the . All other modern iguana genera formed in the period.

A phylogenetic tree of Iguaninae is shown here:

Description
Iguanas and iguana-type species are diverse in terms of size, appearance, and habitat. They typically flourish in tropical, warm climates, such as regions of South America and islands in the Caribbean and in the Pacific. Iguanas typically possess dorsal spines across their back, a dewlap on the neck, sharp claws, a long whip-like tail, and a stocky, squat build. Most iguanas are arboreal, living in trees, but some species tend to be more terrestrial, which means they prefer the ground. Iguanas are typically and their diets vary based on what plant life is available within their habitat. Iguanas across many species remain , and exhibit little to no when their eggs hatch. They do, however, display nest-guarding behavior. Like all extant non-avian reptiles, they are , and also rely on regular periods of basking under the sun to .

Distribution
All but one of the modern iguana genera are native to the Americas, ranging from the deserts of the Southwestern United States through , , and the , to throughout down to northernmost . Some iguanas like I. iguana have spread from their native regions of Central and South America into many Pacific Islands, and even to Fiji, Japan, and Hawai'i, due to the exotic pet trade and illegal introductions into the ecosystems. Other iguanas, like the Galapagos pink iguana ( C. marthae) are endemic only to specific regions on the Galapagos islands. The Grand Cayman blue iguana, C. lewisi, is endemic only to the Grand Cayman island, limited to a small wildlife reserve. The only non-American iguana species are the members of the genus and the extinct , which are found on and formerly ; their distribution is thought to be the result of the longest overwater dispersal event ever recorded for a vertebrate species, with them rafting over 8000  km across the from the to the Fiji and Tonga.

Extant genera
  • Brachylophus fasciatus — Lau banded iguana (Brongniart, 1800)
  • Brachylophus vitiensis — Fiji crested iguana Gibbons, 1981
  • Brachylophus bulabula — Fiji banded iguana Keogh, Edwards, Fisher, & Harlow, 2008
  • Brachylophus gau — Fisher, 2017
  • Cachryx alfredschmidti — Campeche spiny-tailed iguana (Köhler, 1995)
  • Cachryx defensor — Yucatán spiny-tailed iguana (Cope, 1866)
  • Conolophus pallidus — Barrington land iguana Heller, 1903
  • Conolophus subcristatus — Galápagos land iguana (Gray, 1831)
  • Conolophus marthae — Galápagos pink land iguana Gentile & Snell, 2009
  • Ctenosaura acanthura — Mexican spiny-tailed iguana Shaw, 1802
  • Ctenosaura alfredschmidti — Campeche spiny-tailed iguana (Köhler, 1995)
  • Ctenosaura bakeri — Baker's spiny-tailed iguana Stejneger, 1901
  • Ctenosaura clarki — Balsas spiny-tailed iguana Bailey, 1928
  • Ctenosaura conspicuosa — San Esteban spiny-tailed iguana (Dickerson, 1919)
  • Ctenosaura defensor — Yucatán spiny-tailed iguana (Cope, 1866)
  • Ctenosaura flavidorsalis Yellow-backed spiny-tailed iguana Köhler & Klemmer, 1994
  • Ctenosaura hemilopha — Baja California spiny-tailed iguana (Cope, 1863)
  • Ctenosaura macrolopha — Sonoran spiny-tailed iguana Smith, 1972
  • Ctenosaura melanosterna — Black-chested spiny-tailed iguana Buckley & Axtell, 1997
  • Ctenosaura nolascensis — Nolasco spiny-tailed iguana Smith, 1972
  • Ctenosaura oaxacana — Oaxacan spiny-tailed iguana Köhler & Hasbun, 2001
  • Ctenosaura oedirhina — Roatán spiny-tailed iguana De Queiroz, 1987
  • Ctenosaura palearis — Motagua spiny-tailed iguana Stejneger, 1899
  • Ctenosaura pectinata — Western spiny-tailed iguana (Wiegmann, 1834)
  • Ctenosaura quinquecarinata — Five-keeled spiny-tailed iguana (Gray, 1842)
  • Ctenosaura similis — Black spiny-tailed iguana (Gray, 1831)
  • Cyclura carinata — Harlan, 1825
    • Cyclura carinata bartschi — Bartsch's iguana Cochran, 1931
  • Cyclura collei — Gray, 1845
  • Cyclura cornuta — Rhinoceros iguana (Bonnaterre, 1789)
    • † Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis — Navassa Island iguana
  • Cyclura cychlura — Northern Bahamian Rock Iguana (Cuvier, 1829)
    • Cyclura cychlura cychlura — Andros Island iguana (Cuvier, 1829)
    • Cyclura cychlura figginsi — Exuma Island iguana Barbour, 1923
    • Cyclura cychlura inornata — Allen Cays iguana (Barbour & Noble, 1916)
  • Cyclura lewisi — (Grant, 1940)
  • Cyclura nubila — (Gray, 1831)
    • Cyclura nubila caymanensis — Lesser Caymans iguana (Barbour & Noble, 1916)
  • Cyclura pinguis — Barbour, 1917
  • Cyclura ricordii — (Duméril & Bibron, 1837)
  • Cyclura rileyi — Stejneger, 1903
    • Cyclura rileyi rileyi — Central Bahamian Rock Iguana Stejneger, 1903
    • Cyclura rileyi cristata — White Cay iguana (Schmidt, 1920)
    • Cyclura rileyi nuchalis — Acklins iguana Barbour and Noble, 1916
  • Cyclura stejnegeri — Mona ground Iguana Barbour and Noble, 1916
  • Dipsosaurus dorsalis — (Baird and Girard, 1852)
  • Dipsosaurus catalinensis — Catalina desert iguana (Van Denburgh, 1922)
  • Iguana delicatissima — Lesser Antillean iguana Laurenti, 1768
  • Iguana iguana — (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Iguana iguana insularis — Grenadines horned iguana
    • Iguana iguana melanoderma — Saban black iguana
    • Iguana iguana sanctaluciae — St. Lucia Horned Iguana
  • Sauromalus ater — Dumeril, 1856
  • Sauromalus hispidus — Angel Island chuckwalla Stejneger, 1891
  • Sauromalus klauberi — Spotted chuckwalla Shaw, 1941
  • Sauromalus slevini — Monserrat chuckwalla Van Denburgh, 1922
  • Sauromalus varius — Pinto chuckwalla Dickerson, 1919

Fossils
  • Armandisaurus explorator
  • Lapitiguana impensa
  • Pumilia novaceki
Cretaceous and are later excluded from the family.

Classification
Several classification schemes have been used to define the structure of this family. The "historical" classification recognized all New World iguanians, plus and the Madagascar , as informal groups and not as formal subfamilies.
(1988). 9780804714358, Stanford University Press.

Frost and Etheridge (1989) formally recognized these informal groupings as families.D.R. Frost & R. Etheridge (1989) «A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of iguanian lizards (Reptilia: Squamata)» Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 81D.R. Frost, R. Etheridge, D. Janies & T.A. Titus (2001) Total evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of polychrotid lizards, and a reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania) American Museum Novitates 3343: 38 pp.

Macey et al. (1997), in their analysis of molecular data for iguanian lizards recovered a monophyletic Iguanidae and formally recognized the eight families proposed by Frost and Etheridge (1989) as subfamilies of Iguanidae.

Schulte et al. (2003) reanalyzed the morphological data of Frost and Etheridge in combination with molecular data for all major groups of Iguanidae and recovered a monophyletic Iguanidae, but the subfamilies Polychrotinae and Tropidurinae were not monophyletic.

Townsend et al. (2011), Wiens et al. (2012) and Pyron et al. (2013), in the most comprehensive published to date, recognized most groups at family level, resulting in a narrower definition of Iguanidae.

Historical classification
Family Iguanidae
  • Informal grouping anoloids: anoles, leiosaurs, Polychrus
  • Informal grouping basiliscines: casquehead lizards
  • Informal grouping crotaphytines: collared and leopard lizards
  • Informal grouping iguanines: marine, Fijian, Galapagos land, spinytail, rock, desert, green, and chuckwalla iguanas
  • Informal grouping morunasaurs: wood lizards, clubtails
  • Informal grouping oplurines: Madagascan iguanids
  • Informal grouping sceloporines: earless, spiny, tree, side-blotched and horned lizards
  • Informal grouping tropidurines: curly-tailed lizards, South American swifts, neotropical ground lizards

Frost et al. (1989) classification of iguanas
Family Corytophanidae
Family Crotaphytidae
Family Hoplocercidae
Family Iguanidae Family Opluridae
Family Phrynosomatidae
Family Polychridae
Family Tropiduridae

Macey et al. (1997) classification of Iguanidae
Family Iguanidae

Schulte et al. (2003) classification of Iguanidae
Here families and subfamilies are proposed as clade names, but may be recognized under the traditional Linnean nomenclature.

Iguanidae

*subclade of Polychrotinae : anoles
*subclade of Polychrotinae : leiosaurs
:*subclade of Leiosaurini :
:*subclade of Leiosaurini :
*subclade of Polychrotinae
  • : curly-tailed lizards, neotropical ground lizards, South American swifts
*subclade of Tropidurinae : curly-tailed lizards
*subclade of Tropidurinae : South American swifts
*subclade of Tropidurinae : neotropical ground lizards

Townsend et al. (2011), Wiens et al. (2012) and Pyron et al. (2013) classification of Iguanidae

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