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The ibis () (collective plural ibises; classical plurals ibides and ibes) are a group of long-legged wading in the family Threskiornithidae that inhabit wetlands, forests and plains. "Ibis" derives from the and word for this group of birds. It also occurs in the scientific name of the western ( Ardea ibis) mistakenly identified in 1757 as being the .

(2025). 9781408125014, Christopher Helm. .

Description
Ibises all have long, downcurved bills, and usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually . They are monogamous and highly territorial while nesting and feeding. Most nest in trees, often with or . All extant species are capable of flight, but two extinct genera were flightless, namely the kiwi-like in the , and the peculiar Xenicibis in . The word ibis comes from ibis"ibis". Chambers Dictionary. from ἶβις ibis from Egyptian hb, hīb.Beekes, R. S. P. (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, p. 575. .

Species in taxonomic order
There are 29 species and 4 species of ibis.

  • African sacred ibis, Threskiornis aethiopicus
  • Malagasy sacred ibis, Threskiornis bernieri
  • Australian white ibis, Threskiornis molucca/moluccus
  • Straw-necked ibis, Threskiornis spinicollis
  • †Réunion ibis, Threskiornis solitarius ()
  • Black-headed ibis, Threskiornis melanocephalus
  • Northern bald ibis, Geronticus eremita
  • Southern bald ibis, Geronticus calvus
  • , Bostrychia olivacea
  • São Tomé ibis, Bostrychia bocagei
  • Spot-breasted ibis, Bostrychia rara
  • , Bostrychia hagedash
  • , Bostrychia carunculata
  • Sharp-tailed ibis, Cercibis oxycerca
  • American white ibis, Eudocimus albus
  • , Eudocimus ruber

An extinct species, the or clubbed-wing ibis ( Xenicibis xympithecus) was uniquely characterized by its club-like wings. Extinct ibis species include the following:

  • . Discovered in France. It is known only from a piece of distal right , found at Sansan , in rocks. It appears to represent an ancient member of the Geronticus lineage, in line with the theory that most living ibis genera seem to have before 15 million years ago (mya).
    (2025). 9788090110533, Ninox Press, Prague.
  • Geronticus apelex. Discovered in South Africa.
  • Geronticus balcanicus. Discovered in Bulgaria.
  • Theristicus wetmorei. Discovered in Peru.
  • Eudodmus peruvianus. Discovered in Peru.
  • . Discovered in France. It is the sole species known for this genera.
  • Aptertbis glenos. Discovered in Hawaii.
  • . Discovered in Jamaica.

Ecology
Habitat
Most ibises are freshwater wetland birds using natural marshes, ponds, lakes, riversides for foraging. Some ibis species such as the , and black-headed ibis benefit from flooded and irrigated agriculture. The is unusual in being found in high altitude grasslands of South America. The foraging and nesting behaviour, and fluctuating numbers of the white ibis matches closely with water levels in the Everglades ecosystem leading to its selection as a potential indicator species for the system. Few ibis species such as the and are also found in dense forests. The Llanos grasslands of Venezuela have the highest global ibis diversity with seven species sharing the marshes and grasslands. Multiple ibis species manage to use the same area by exhibiting differences in the habitats used and the prey eaten. In Indian agricultural landscapes, three ibis species manage to live together by altering the habitats they use seasonally with the Black-headed Ibises and Glossy preferring shallow wetlands throughout the year, while the endemic Red-naped Ibises preferred upland areas thereby entirely avoiding potential competitive interactions.

Breeding
Ibises breeding habits are very diverse. Many ibises such as the black-headed Ibis, , , American white ibis and Australian white ibis breed in large colonies on trees. Nest trees are located either in large wetlands or in agricultural fields, with many species like the breeding inside cities. The Australian white ibis also breeds extensively inside cities and has greatly expanded its population. The white-faced ibis sometimes nests on dry land and on low shrubs in marshes.

In culture
The African sacred ibis was an object of religious in , particularly associated with the deity or otherwise commonly referred to in Greek as . He is responsible for writing, mathematics, measurement, and time as well as the moon and magic.
(2025). 9781904832775, Birmingham Museum of Art. .
In artworks of the Late Period of Ancient Egypt, Thoth is popularly depicted as an ibis-headed man in the act of writing. However, diversity in sacred ibis mummies indicates that ancient Egyptians captured the birds from the wild rather than farming them.

At the town of , ibises were reared specifically for sacrificial purposes, and in the Ibis Galleries at , archaeologists found the of one and a half million ibises.Fleming, Furgus; Alan Lothian (1997) The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. pp. 66–67

According to local legend in the area, the northern bald ibis was one of the first birds that released from the Ark as a symbol of fertility,

(2025). 9781931044646, Cosimo.
"Dreams of a feathered Geronticus" and a lingering religious sentiment in Turkey helped the colonies there to survive long after the demise of the species in Europe.

The mascot of the University of Miami is an American white ibis named Sebastian. The ibis was selected as the school mascot because of its legendary bravery during hurricanes. According to legend, the ibis is the last of wildlife to take shelter before a hurricane hits and the first to reappear once the storm has passed. Sebastian the Ibis. Hurricane sports

Harvard University's humor magazine, , uses the ibis as its symbol. A copper statue of an ibis is prominently displayed on the roof of the Harvard Lampoon Building at 44 Bow Street.

The short story "The Scarlet Ibis" by James Hurst uses the red bird as foreshadowing for a character's death and as the primary symbol.

The African sacred ibis is the unit symbol of the Israeli Special Forces unit known as Unit 212 or (Hebrew מגלן).

According to Josephus, Moses used the ibis to help him defeat the Ethiopians.Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 2.10.

The Australian white ibis has become a focus of art, pop culture, and memes since rapidly adapting to city life in recent decades, and has earned the popular nicknames "bin chicken" and "tip turkey". In December 2017, the ibis placed second in Guardian Australia inaugural Bird of the Year poll, after leading for much of the voting period.

In April 2022, Queensland sports minister Stirling Hinchliffe suggested the ibis as a potential for the 2032 Olympic Games, which are scheduled to be held in . Hinchcliffe's suggestion prompted much discussion in the media.

==Gallery==

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in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, California]]

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