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Input/output operations per second ( IOPS, pronounced eye-ops) is an input/output performance measurement used to characterize computer storage devices like hard disk drives (HDD), solid state drives (SSD), and storage area networks (SAN). Like benchmarks, IOPS numbers published by storage device manufacturers do not directly relate to real-world application performance.
The specific number of IOPS possible in any system configuration will vary greatly, depending upon the variables the tester enters into the program, including the balance of read and write operations, the mix of sequential and Random access access patterns, the number of worker threads and queue depth, as well as the data block sizes. There are other factors which can also affect the IOPS results including the system setup, storage drivers, OS background operations etc. Also, when testing SSDs in particular, there are preconditioning considerations that must be taken into account.
The most common performance characteristics are as follows:
For HDDs and similar electromechanical storage devices, the random IOPS numbers are primarily dependent upon the storage device's random seek time, whereas, for SSDs and similar solid state storage devices, the random IOPS numbers are primarily dependent upon the storage device's internal controller and memory interface speeds. On both types of storage devices, the sequential IOPS numbers (especially when using a large block size) typically indicate the maximum sustained bandwidth that the storage device can handle. Often sequential IOPS are reported as a simple Megabytes per second number as follows:
Some HDDs/SSDs will improve in performance as the number of outstanding IOs (i.e. queue depth) increases. This is usually the result of more advanced controller logic on the drive performing command queuing and reordering commonly called either Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ) or Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Many consumer SATA HDDs either cannot do this, or their implementation is so poor that no performance benefit can be seen. Enterprise class SATA HDDs, such as the Western Digital Raptor and Seagate Barracuda NL will improve by nearly 100% with deep queues. High-end SCSI drives more commonly found in servers, generally show much greater improvement, with the Seagate Savvio exceeding 400 IOPS—more than doubling its performance.
While traditional HDDs have about the same IOPS for read and write operations, many Flash memory SSDs and USB sticks are much slower writing than reading due to the inability to rewrite directly into a previously written location forcing a procedure called garbage collection. This has caused hardware test sites to start to provide independently measured results when testing IOPS performance.
Flash SSDs, such as the Intel X25-E (released 2010), have much higher IOPS than traditional HDD. In a test done by Xssist, using Iometer, 4 KB random transfers, 70/30 read/write ratio, queue depth 4, the IOPS delivered by the Intel X25-E 64 GB G1 started around 10000 IOPs, and dropped sharply after 8 minutes to 4000 IOPS, and continued to decrease gradually for the next 42 minutes. IOPS vary between 3000 and 4000 from approximately 50 minutes and onwards, for the rest of the 8+ hours the test ran. Even with the drop in random IOPS after the 50th minute, the X25-E still has much higher IOPS compared to traditional hard disk drives. Some SSDs, including the OCZ RevoDrive 3 x2 PCIe using the SandForce controller, have shown much higher sustained write performance that more closely matches the read speed. For example, a typical operating system has many small files (such as DLLs ≤ 128 kB), so SSD is more suitable for system drive.
Performance characteristics
most common performance characteristics measured are sequential and random operations. Sequential operations access locations on the storage device in a contiguous manner and are generally associated with large data transfer sizes, e.g. ≥ 128 Kilobyte. Random operations access locations on the storage device in a non-contiguous manner and are generally associated with small data transfer sizes, e.g. 4 kB.
(Then converted to MB/s.)
Examples
Mechanical hard drives
Block size used when testing significantly affects the number of IOPS performed by a given drive. See below for some typical performance figures:
188 – 203 175 – 192 11.2 – 12.3 115 – 135 58.9 – 68.9 91.5 – 126.3 163 – 178 151 – 169 9.7 – 10.8 97 – 123 49.7 – 63.1 73.5 – 127.5 142 – 151 130 – 143 8.3 – 9.2 80 – 104 40.9 – 53.1 58.1 – 107.2 142 – 151 130 – 143 8.3 – 9.2 80 – 104 40.9 – 53.1 58.1 – 107.2 7200 73 – 79 69 – 76 4.4 – 4.9 47 – 63 24.3 – 32.1 43.4 – 97.8 5400 57 55 3.5 44 22.6
Solid-state devices
This is an example.
Intel X25-M G2 (Multi-level cell) SSD ~8,600 IOPS SATA 3 Gbit/s Intel's data sheet claims 6,600/8,600 IOPS (80 GB/160 GB version) and 35,000 IOPS for random 4 KB writes and reads, respectively. Intel X25-E (SLC) SSD ~5,000 IOPS SATA 3 Gbit/s Intel's data sheet claims 3,300 IOPS and 35,000 IOPS for writes and reads, respectively. 5,000 IOPS are measured for a mix. Intel X25-E G1 has around 3 times higher IOPS compared to the Intel X25-M G2. G.Skill Phoenix Pro SSD ~20,000 IOPS SATA 3 Gbit/s SandForce-1200 based SSD drives with enhanced firmware, states up to 50,000 IOPS, but benchmarking shows for this particular drive ~25,000 IOPS for random read and ~15,000 IOPS for random write. Samsung SSD 850 PRO SSD Up to 100,000 read IOPS
Up to 90,000 write IOPSSATA 6 Gbit/s 4 KB aligned random I/O at QD32
10,000 read IOPS, 36,000 write IOPS at QD1
550 MB/s sequential read, 520 MB/s sequential write on 256 GB and larger models
550 MB/s sequential read, 470 MB/s sequential write on 128 GB modelVirident Systems tachIOn SSD Up to 320,000 sustained READ IOPS using 4 kB blocks, and up to 200,000 sustained WRITE IOPS using 4kB blocks PCIe OCZ RevoDrive 3 X2 SSD Up to 200,000 Random Write 4k IOPS PCIe DDRdrive X1 SSD Up to 300,000+ (512B Random Read IOPS) and 200,000+ (512B Random Write IOPS)http://www.ddrdrive.com/ddrdrive_press.pdf PCIe Samsung SSD 960 EVO SSD Up to 380,000 read IOPS
Up to 360,000 write IOPSNVM Express over PCIe 3.0 x4, M.2 4 kB aligned random I/O with four workers at QD4 (effectively QD16), 1 TB model
14,000 read IOPS, 50,000 write IOPS at QD1
330,000 read IOPS, 330,000 write IOPS on 500 GB model
300,000 read IOPS, 330,000 write IOPS on 250 GB model
Up to 3.2 GB/s sequential read, 1.9 GB/s sequential writeSamsung SSD 960 PRO SSD Up to 440,000 read IOPS
Up to 360,000 write IOPSNVM Express over PCIe 3.0 x4, M.2 4kB aligned random I/O with four workers at QD4 (effectively QD16), 1 TB and 2 TB models
14,000 read IOPS, 50,000 write IOPS at QD1
330,000 read IOPS, 330,000 write IOPS on 512 GB model
Up to 3.5 GB/s sequential read, 2.1 GB/s sequential writeKaminario K2 SSD Up to 2,000,000 IOPS.
1,200,000 IOPS in SPC-1 benchmark simulating business applicationsFibre Channel Multi-level cell NetApp FAS6240 cluster Flash/Disk 1,261,145 SPECsfs2008 nfsv3 IOPs using 1,440 15k disks, across 60 shelves, with virtual storage tiering. NFS, SMB, FC, FCoE, iSCSI SPECsfs2008 is the latest version of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation benchmark suite measuring file server throughput and response time, providing a standardized method for comparing performance across different vendor platforms. EMC Corporation DSSD D5 Flash Up to 10 million IOPS PCIe Out of Box, up to 48 clients with high availability. PCIe Rack Scale Flash Appliance. Product discontinued.
See also
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