Honokiol is a lignan Bark isolate, seed cones, and leaves of trees belonging to the genus Magnolia. It has been identified as one of the chemical compounds in some traditional Eastern herbal medicines along with magnolol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol.
Honokiol, a compound with a spicy odor extracted from various Magnolia species worldwide, including those native to the Southeastern United States and Mexico, can readily cross the blood-brain and cerebrospinal fluid barriers, making it a highly bioavailable and potentially effective therapeutic agent. Honokiol is a small, hydrophobic neolignan biphenol structurally similar to propofol that can be purified efficiently from its isomer magnolol using advanced chromatography techniques such as magnolol acetonide protection followed by flash chromatography or high-capacity high-speed countercurrent chromatography.
Extracts from the bark and seed cones of Magnolia trees have been traditionally used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese medicine as and treatments for anxiety and mood disorders, notably in formulas like Houpu in Chinese medicine and Kampo in Japan. Honokiol is a pleiotropic natural compound under preliminary research for antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and antithrombotic properties, showing therapeutic potential across the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system, though it may pose bleeding risks in patients with hemophilia, Von Willebrand disease, or those on anticoagulant therapy.
Biology
Honokiol has been extracted from a number of species of
Magnolia native to many regions of the globe.
Magnolia grandiflora, which is native to the Southeastern United States, as well as Mexican species like
Magnolia dealbata have been found to be sources of honokiol.
Traditionally in Asian medicine, the
Magnolia biondii,
Magnolia obovata, and
Magnolia officinalis are commonly used.
The compound itself has a spicy odor.
Because of its physical properties, honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
Chemistry
Structure
Honokiol belongs to a class of neolignan biphenols. As a polyphenol it is relatively small and can interact with cell membrane proteins through intermolecular interactions like
hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, or
aromatic pi orbital co-valency.
[ It is hydrophobic and readily dissolved in lipids. It is structurally similar to propofol.]
Purification
There are several methods for purifying and isolating honokiol. In nature, honokiol exists with its structural isomer magnolol, which differs from honokiol only by the position of one hydroxyl group. Because of the very similar properties of magnolol and honokiol, purification has often been limited to a HPLC or electromigration. However, methods developed in 2006 by workers in the lab of Jack L. Arbiser, took advantage of the proximity of the phenolic hydroxyl groups in magnolol, which form a protectable diol, to generate a magnolol acetonide ( Figure 1), with a subsequent simple purification via flash chromatography over silica.
Figure 1
Additionally a rapid separation approach was published in the Journal of Chromatography A in 2007. The process uses high-capacity high-speed countercurrent chromatography (high-capacity HSCCC).
History
Traditional medicine
Extracts from the bark or seed cones of the Magnolia tree have been widely used in traditional medicine in China, Korea, and Japan.
Magnolia bark has traditionally been used in Eastern medicine as analgesic and to treat anxiety and mood disorders.
Western medical research
Honokiol is a pleiotropic compound, meaning it is able to act on the body through a number of pathways. This diversity of interaction makes it a viable therapy for a number of conditions in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system. It has been shown to have antitumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects as well.
Side effects and contraindications
Research has shown a limited side effect profile for honokiol, and it appears to be well tolerated. However, its antithrombotic effects could cause hemorrhage especially in patients with conditions that would put them at a higher risk like hemophilia or Von Willebrand disease.
Pharmacology
Antitumorigenic activities
Honokiol has shown pro-apoptotic effects in melanoma, sarcoma, myeloma, leukemia, urinary bladder, lung, prostate, oral squamous cell carcinoma,
Neurotrophic activity
Honokiol has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth and have neuroprotective effects in rat cortical neurons. Additionally, honokiol increases free cytoplasmic reforforason Calcium in rat cortical neurons.
Antithrombotic activity
Honokiol inhibits platelet aggregation in rabbits in a dose-dependent manner, and protects cultured RAEC against oxidized low density lipoprotein injury. Honokiol significantly increases the prostacyclin metabolite 6-keto-PGF1alpha, potentially the key factor in honokiol's antithrombotic activity.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Studies examining honokiol as a protective therapy against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury have identified a number of anti-inflammatory pathways. Neutrophil infiltration of injured tissues can cause further damage and issues with healing. In in vitro studies, honokiol reduced fMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) and PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate) induced neutrophil firm adhesion which is an integral step for infiltration.
Antioxidant activity
Honokiol has also been proposed as an antioxidant. The compound protects against lipid peroxidation by interfering with ROS production and migration.
Cytotoxicity inhibition
One way that honokiol acts as a neuroprotective is through cellular regulation and subsequent inhibition of cytotoxicity. Two mechanisms used to achieve this inhibition are GABAA Modulation and Ca2+ Inhibition. Cytotoxicity inhibition may be the neuroprotective mechanism of honokiol. Honokiol has also been shown to inhibit repetitive firing by blocking glutamate.
GABAA modulation
It is believed that honokiol acts on GABAA receptor similarly to benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. However, honokiol has been shown to achieve anxiolysis with fewer motor or cognitive side effects than GABAA receptor agonists such as flurazepam and diazepam. It has been shown that honokiol likely has a higher selectivity for different GABAA receptor subtypes and both magnolol and honokiol showed higher efficacy when acting on receptors containing δ subunits.
Ca2+ inhibition
A high concentration of Ca2+ induces excitotoxicity which is believed to be the main mechanism behind movement disorders such as ALS, Parkinson's disease, and convulsive disorders like epilepsy. Honokiol disrupts the interfaces post synaptic density protein (PSD95) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS).
Antiviral activity
Honokiol has been shown to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in vitro.
Metabolic activity
Honokiol was shown to normalize blood glucose levels and prevent body weight gain in diabetic mice by acting as agonist of PPARgamma.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of honokiol have been explored in rats and mice; however, further research must be done in humans.
Delivery methods
Honokiol is most commonly taken orally. There are a number of supplements available containing honokiol. Magnolia tea made from the bark of the tree is also a common delivery method of honokiol. Both Native Americans and Japanese medicine use tea gargles to treat toothaches and sore throats.
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