Homoserine (also called isothreonine) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2OH. L-Homoserine is not one of the common amino acids encoded by DNA. It differs from the proteinogenic amino acid serine by insertion of an additional methylene bridge into the sidechain. Homoserine, or its lactone, is the product of a cyanogen bromide cleavage of a peptide by degradation of methionine. Homoserine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of three essential amino acids: methionine, threonine (an isomer of homoserine), and isoleucine.
Applications
Commercially, homoserine can serve as precursor to the synthesis of
isobutanol and 1,4-butanediol.
Purified homoserine is used in enzyme structural studies.
Also, homoserine has played important roles in studies to elucidate peptide synthesis and synthesis of
proteoglycan glycopeptides.
Bacterial cell lines can make copious amounts of this amino acid.
Biosynthesis
Its complete biosynthetic pathway includes
glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the aspartate metabolic pathway. It forms by two reductions of
aspartic acid via the intermediacy of aspartate semialdehyde.
[Berg, J. M.; Stryer, L. et al. (2002), Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman. ] Specifically, the enzyme homoserine dehydrogenase, in association with
NADPH, catalyzes a reversible reaction that interconverts
L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde to
L-homoserine.
Homoserine kinase and homoserine O-succinyltransferase convert homoserine to phosphohomoserine and
O-succinyl homoserine, respectively.
Homoserine is produced from
aspartate via the intermediate aspartate-4-semialdehyde, which is produced from β-phosphoaspartate. By the action of homoserine dehydrogenases, the semialdehyde is converted to homoserine.
Other biochemical roles
L-Homoserine is substrate for homoserine kinase, yielding phosphohomoserine (homoserine-phosphate), which is converted by threonine synthase to
L-threonine.
Homoserine is converted to O-succinyl homoserine by homoserine O-succinyltransferase. O-succinyl homoserine is a precursor to L-methionine.
Homoserine inhibits aspartate kinase and glutamate dehydrogenase.
