Hohhot, formerly known as Kweisui, is the capital and largest city of Inner Mongolia in the North China of the China,[ serving as the region's administrative, economic and cultural center.][ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Volume I, p. 275.] Its population was 3,446,100 inhabitants as of the 2020 census, of whom 2,944,889 lived in the metropolitan area consisting of 4 urban districts (including Hohhot Economic and Development Zone) plus the Tumed Left Banner.
The name of the city in Mongolian means "Blue City", although it is also wrongly referred to as the "Green City."[Perkins (1999), p. 212.] The color blue in Mongol culture is associated with the sky, eternity and purity. In Chinese, the name can be translated as Qīng Chéng (l=Blue/Green City)[Chinese "qing" has traditionally been a color between "blue" and "green" in English, leading some modern sources to translate Qing Cheng into English as "Green City" instead of "Blue City," including, for example, the official website of Hohhot .] The name has also been variously romanized as Kokotan, Kokutan, Kuku-hoton, Huhohaot'e, Huhehot, Huhhot, Huhot, or Köke qota.[
]
The city is a seat of the Inner Mongolia University, the largest regional comprehensive university and was the only 211 Project University in Inner Mongolia.
History
Early history
Yunzhong Commandery (雲中郡) was a historical commandery of China. Its territories were between the Great Wall and Yin Mountains, and correspond to part of modern-day Hohhot, Baotou and Ulanqab prefectures in Inner Mongolia. The central city of Yunzhong was in the suburbs of today's Hohhot.
The commandery was created during King Wuling of Zhao's reign after a successful campaign against the Linhu (林胡) and Loufan (樓煩) peoples.[ Records of the Grand Historian, Chapter 50.] After the establishment of Qin dynasty and Han dynasty, the commandery became the frontier between Han and the Xiongnu. In early Han dynasty, the region saw frequent Xiongnu raids. However, from Emperor Wu's reign onwards, it became an important base of military operations in the wars against the Xiongnu.[ Book of Han, Chapter 64.] In 127 BC, it was from Yunzhong that General Wei Qing led a 40,000-men strong cavalry force and conquered the modern Hetao and Ordos Plateau regions.
In 2 AD, the commandery administered 11 counties, namely Yunzhong (雲中), Xianyang (咸陽), Taolin (陶林), Zhenling (楨陵), Duhe (犢和), Shaling (沙陵), Yuanyang (原陽), Shanan (沙南), Beiyu (北輿), Wuquan (武泉) and Yangshou (陽壽). The population totaled 38,303 households, or 173,270 people.[ Book of Han, Chapter 28.] During Eastern Han, 3 counties were abolished, while 3 new counties were added from Dingxiang Commandery. In 140 AD, the population was 5,351 households, or a population of 26,430.[ Book of Later Han, Chapter 113.] Toward the late Han dynasty, the area's population decreased sharply as residents fled from invading northern nomadic peoples, and the commandery was dissolved.[ Book of Jin, Chapter 14.]
The Tuoba chieftain Gui (called Tuoba Gui) was able to refound the Dai empire in 386, and later renamed his state to Northern Wei. From his capital at Shengle (near modern Helingeer). His descendants would, step by step, conquer the north of China, divide the Later Yan realm into two parts, and subdue the Xia (407–431), the Later Qin (384–417) and the many Liang and Yan empires.
Ming and Qing era
In 1557, the Tümed Mongol leader Altan Khan began building the Da Zhao Temple on the Tümed plain in order to convince the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) government of his leadership of the southern Mongol tribes.
After the Manchu people founded the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Kangxi Emperor (reigned 1661–1722) sent troops to control the region,
Republican era
In 1913, the government of the new Republic of China united the garrison town of Suiyuan and the old town of Guihua as Guisui (first=t; postal: Kweisui). Guisui town was the center of Guisui County (labels=no) and the capital of Suiyuan Province in northern China. A bubonic plague outbreak in 1917 and the connection of Guisui to railway links in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, and Beijing helped renew the economy of Guisui town by forming links with eastern China and western China's Xinjiang province.
People's Republic era
During the Civil War, seeking the support of separatist Mongols, the Communists established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in Mongol-minority areas of the Republic's provinces of Suiyuan Province, Xing'an, Chahar Province, and Rehe Province. Guisui was chosen as the region's administrative centre in 1952, replacing Zhangjiakou. In 1954, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the city was renamed from Guisui to Hohhot, though with a different Chinese pronunciation of Huhehaote.
The city has seen significant development since China's reform and opening began. The city's far east side began development around 2000 and is now home to the municipal government, most of the Autonomous Region's administrative buildings,
A city with a rich cultural background, Hohhot is known for its historical sites and temples and is one of the major tourist destinations of Inner Mongolia. It is also nationally known as the home of China's dairy giants Mengniu and Yili Group,
Geography
Located in the south central part of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot is encircled by the Daqing Shan (links=no) to the north and the Hetao Plateau to the south.
The city's Antipodal point location is from the village of Los Menucos in Río Negro Provence, Argentina.
File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nk49-11.jpg|Map including Hohhot (labeled as KUEI-SUI) (AMS, 1963)
File:Hohhot 111.67286E 40.80952N.jpg|Huhhot and vicinity, LandSat-5 satellite image, 2005-07-12
Climate
Hohhot features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), marked by long, cold, and very dry winters; hot, somewhat humid summers; strong winds (especially in spring); and influence. The coldest month is January, with a daily mean of , while July, the hottest month, averages . The annual mean temperature is , and the annual precipitation is , with more than half of it falling in July and August alone. Variability can be very high, however: in 1965 Hohhot recorded as little as but six years before that, as much as , of which over a third () only in July.[ Huhehaote rainfall]
Hohhot is a popular destination for tourists during the summer months because of the nearby Zhaohe . More recently, due to desertification, the city sees Dust storm on almost an annual basis. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 54 percent in November to 66 percent in September, sunshine is abundant year-round, the city receives 2,680 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from on 6 February 1951 to on 30 July 2010, though unofficially a record low of was recorded in January 1930.
Administrative divisions
The city is administratively at the prefecture-level, meaning that it administers both its urban area and the rural regions in its vicinity. The administrative area includes 4 counties, 4 districts, and a county-level banner; they are further divided into 20 urban sub-districts, and 96 townships. The data here represented is in km2 and uses data from the 2010 Census.
|
|
|
| City Proper |
Huimin District
(Hodong'arad District) |
| 回民区 | | 194.4 | 394,555 | 2,030 |
Xincheng District
(Xinhot District) |
| 新城区 | | 660.6 | 567,255 | 859 |
| Yuquan District |
| 玉泉区 | | 207.2 | 383,365 | 1,850 |
| Saihan District |
| 赛罕区 | | 1,002.9 | 635,599 | 634 |
| Rural |
| Togtoh County |
| 托克托县 | | 1,407.8 | 200,840 | 143 |
| Wuchuan County |
| 武川县 | | 4,682.3 | 108,726 | 23 |
| Horinger County |
| 和林格尔县 | | 3,447.8 | 169,856 | 49 |
| Qingshuihe County |
| 清水河县 | | 2,859 | 93,887 | 33 |
Tumed Left Banner
(Tumed Jun Banner) |
| 土默特左旗 | | 2,765 | 312,532 | 113 |
Demographics
The urban population of Hohhot has increased rapidly since the 1990s. According to the 2010 Census, the population of Hohhot had reached 2,866,615 people, 428,717 more inhabitants than in 2000 ( the average annual demographic growth for the period 2000–2010 was of 1.63 percent).[ Compilation by LianXin website. Data from the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China ] Its built-up ( or metro) area is home to 1,980,774 inhabitants ( 4 urban districts).
The majority of the population of Hohhot are Han Chinese, representing 87.16 percent of the total population in 2010. Most Han in Hohhot, if their ancestry is traced several decades back, have ancestors from Shanxi, northeast China, or Hebei. Most Mongols in the city speak Chinese language. A 1993 survey conducted by Inner Mongolia University found that only 8 percent of Tümed Mongols (the majority tribe in Hohhot) could speak the Mongolian language.
Ethnic groups in Hohhot, according to the 2000 census, were:
Economy
Hohhot is a major industrial center within Inner Mongolia. Together with Baotou and Ordos, it accounts for more than 60 percent of the total industrial output of Inner Mongolia.[ Hohhot accounted for approximately 15.5 percent of the province's total GDP in 2012.][" Programa Conjunto FAO/OMS Sobre Normas Alimentarias" ( Archive). Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 30. Retrieved on 10 July 2014. "Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co. Ltd. No. 8, Jinsi Road, Jinchun Developing Zone 010080 Hohhot P.R. China"]
As the economic center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot's urban area has expanded greatly since the 1990s. CBDs have grown rapidly in all the city's major districts. The completion of a new office tower for the Municipal Government in Eastern Hohhot marked a shift of the city center to the east. Hailiang Plaza (海亮广场), a 41-floor tower constructed in the city center, became one of the few notable department stores for luxury good in the city.
Major development zones
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Hohhot Economic and Technological Development Zone
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Hohhot Export Processing Zone
Culture
Due to its relatively diverse cultural make-up, and despite its characteristics as a mid-sized Chinese industrial city, the Hohhot street scene has no shortage of ethnic minority elements. Tongdao Road, a major street in the old town area, is decorated with Islamic and Mongol exterior designs on all its buildings. A series of government initiatives in recent years have emphasized Hohhot's identity with ethnic minority groups, especially in increasing Mongol-themed architecture around the city. By regulation, all street signs and public transportation announcements are in both Chinese and Mongolian.
Dialect
Older Hohhot residents mostly tend to converse in the Hohhot dialect, a branch of the Jin Chinese from neighbouring Shanxi province. This spoken form can be difficult to understand for speakers of other Mandarin Chinese dialects. The newer residents, mostly concentrated in Xincheng and Saihan Districts, speak Hohhot-based Mandarin, the majority also with a noticeable accent and some unique vocabulary.
Cuisine
Food specialty in the area is mostly focused on Mongol cuisine and dairy products. Commercially, Hohhot is known for being the base of the nationally renowned dairy giants Yili Group and Mengniu. The Mongol drink suutei tsai (l=milk tea), has become a typical breakfast selection for anyone living in or visiting the city.[Hsiung, Deh-Ta. Simonds, Nina. Lowe, Jason. 2005 (2005). The food of China: a journey for food lovers. Bay Books. . p 38.]
Transportation
Airport
Hohhot's Baita International Airport (IATA:HET) is located about east of the city centre by car. It has direct flights to larger domestic cities including Beijing, Tianjin,
Railway
Hohhot lies on the Jingbao Railway from Beijing to Baotou, and is served by two railway stations: Hohhot railway station and Hohhot East railway station.
Because the quickest trip to Beijing takes around six and a half hours despite the relatively close proximity of the two cities, plans for high-speed rail were discussed extensively prior to the construction of a high-speed railway station beginning in 2008. The station was completed in 2011 and initially serviced only ordinary lines. In January 2015, CRH opened its first D-series ( dongchezu) route in Inner Mongolia in the Baotou-Hohhot-Ulanqab corridor, shortening travel time between Inner Mongolia's two largest cities to a mere 50 minutes.
Expressways
An expressway built in 1997 (then known as the Hubao Expressway) links Hohhot with Baotou. In recent years this expressway has been expanded eastwards to Jining District and Zhangjiakou, and on to Beijing as part of the G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway (Jingzang Expressway). The city is on the route of China National Highway 110, which runs from Yinchuan to Beijing. China National Highway 209 begins in Hohhot and carries traffic southbound towards southern China, with its terminus in Guangxi. Hohhot is connected to its northern counties by the Huwu Highway, which was completed in 2006. Previously, travel to the northern counties had required lengthy navigation through mountainous terrain.
Long-distance buses connect Hohhot to outlying counties, the cities of Baotou, Wuhai, and Ordos, and other areas in Inner Mongolia.
Public transport and roadways
Hohhot's major north–south thoroughfares are called roads (Lu) and its east–west thoroughfares are called streets (Jie). The largest elevated interchange is near the site of the city's Drum Tower (Gulou), after which it is named. Several major streets are named after Inner Mongolian leagues and cities; among these, Hulun Buir, Jurim (now Tongliao), Ulaanhad (Now Chifeng), Xilin Gol, and Xing'an run north–south, while Bayannur, Hailar, Ulaanqab, and Erdos run east–west.
The city's public transit system is composed of nearly one hundred bus routes and a large fleet of taxicabs, which are normally green or blue. Bus fare is 1 yuan; taxi fares begin at 8 yuan.
Metro
The Hohhot Metro is in operation. Line 1 opened on 29 December 2019.
Education
Universities located in Hohhot include:
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Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics
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Inner Mongolia University, only 211 Project University in Inner Mongolia.
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Inner Mongolia University of Agriculture
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Inner Mongolia Normal University
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Inner Mongolia University of Technology
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Inner Mongolia College of Medicine
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Inner Mongolia College of Finance and Economics
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Inner Mongolia Police Professional College
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Hohhot College of Education
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Honder College of Inner Mongolia Normal University
High Schools located in Hohhot include:
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Hohhot No.2 Middle School
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Affiliated Middle School to Inner Mongolia Normal University
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Hohhot experimental middle school
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Hohhot No.1 Middle School
Sports
Hohhot lacked a professional soccer team until Shenyang Dongjin F.C. relocated to Hohhot, changing their name to Hohhot Dongjin, in 2012.
On 14 January 2015, Taiyuan Zhongyou Jiayi F.C. moved to Hohhot and changed their name to Nei Mongu Zhongyou F.C.
Notable landmarks
There were over 50 Ming and Qing Buddhist temples and towers in Guihua and Suiyuan.
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Zhaojun Tomb (昭君墓), located about nine kilometers south of the city center. It is said to be the tomb of Wang Zhaojun, a woman of the Han Empire who married a Xiongnu Chanyu (king).
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Baita Pagoda (白塔), located in the eastern rural area nearing the airport. It was constructed during the Liao Dynasty. The airport of Hohhot is named after Baita Pagoda.
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Da Zhao Temple (大召), located in the centre of Guihua town. It was constructed in the Northern Yuan Dynasty and is the oldest Buddhist lama monastery in the city.
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Temple of the Five Pagodas (五塔寺), located in the eastern part of Guihua town. It was completed in the Qing Dynasty, with architecture very similar to that of Indian temples.
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Residence of Gurun Princess Kejing (固倫恪靖公主府), located at the foot of Yinshan Mountain. It was the mansion of Gurun Princess Kejing of the Qing Dynasty, who was married to a Mongol prince.
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Residence of the General (將軍衙署), located in the centre of Suiyuan town. It was the residence and office building of Suiyuan Generals of the Qing Dynasty.
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Great Mosque of Hohhot (清真大寺), located out of the northern gate of Guihua town. It was constructed during the Qing Dynasty.
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Inner Mongolia Museum (内蒙古博物院). Main exhibits include dinosaur fossils, historical artifacts of nomadic peoples, and the cultural life of modern nomadic peoples.
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Qingcheng Park (青城公园), formerly People's Park, in the city center
File:HuhhotStatue.jpg|The sculpture of "Milk Capital" symbol
File:Early morning at a Mosque, Hohhot.jpg|Great Mosque of Hohhot
See also
Notes
Bibliography
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Perkins, Dorothy (1999). Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture. 1st paperback edition: 2000. New York: Roundtable Press Book. (pbk).
External links
