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Heihe (; ; Russian language: Хэйхэ) is a prefecture-level city of northern Heilongjiang province, China, located on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur River, across the river from Blagoveshchensk. At the 2020 census, 1,286,401 people lived in the prefecture-level city of whom 223,832 lived in the built-up area ( or metro) made of Aihui District.
Heihe marks the northeast terminus of the diagonal Heihe–Tengchong Line, which is sometimes used to divide China into east and west.
After the Duchers were evacuated by the Qing dynasty to the Sungari or Mudanjiang River in the 1650s, the Ducher town was probably vacated. However, in 1683–85 the Manchus re-used the site as a base for their campaign against the Russian fort of Albazin.Bruce Mancall, 'Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728, 1971, pages 115–127 Aigun was the capital (the seat of the military governor) of Heilongjiang from 1683 to 1690, before the capital was moved to Nenjiang County (Mergen).
After the Xinhai Revolution, Aigun became the county seat of the newly created Aigun County by the Republic of China.
On November 15, 1980, Heihe City was established, administering two county-level cities and three counties including Beian, Wudalianchi, Nenjiang County, Sunwu and Sunke. Aihui County was abolished, being merged into the Heihe City.
The world's first international Aerial lift to Blagoveshchensk has also been proposed to open in 2022.
Richard Louis Edmonds (1985). 9780890651186, University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. ISBN 9780890651186 After the capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Qing governor relocated the town to a new site on the right (southwestern) bank of the Amur, about 3 miles downstream from the original.E.G.Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur. London, 1861. text can be found on Google Books. Pages 18,48.The Jesuits (at du Halde, pp. 18–19), who visited the "new" Aigun ca. 1709, mentioned the old site on the left bank of the river (which they called Aykom), but said that it was 13 li, i.e., some 8.3 km, upstream from the new site. They also claimed that Aykom was founded by the 15th-century Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor but abandoned within 20 years. Although Yongle's Amur expeditions are well known (see, e.g., Yishiha), there seem to be no corroboration in modern literature for the existence of a Yongle-era fort at the Old Aigun site. The new site occupied the location of the former village of the Daur people chief named Tolga. The city became known primarily under its Manchu name Saghalien Ula hoton (Manchu language: sahaliyan ula hoton) and Chinese name Heilongjiang Cheng (), which both mean "Amur River City".Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte générale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & ornée d'un grand nombre de figures & de vignettes gravées en tailledouce, Vol. 4 (La Haye: H. Scheurleer, 1736). Pp. 18–19. Later the governor office was transferred to Qiqihar. However, Aigun remained the seat of the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Fu dutong), responsible for a large district covering much of the Amur Valley within the province of Heilongjiang as it existed in those days.
Aigun was visited around 1709 as a part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program by the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis, Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli,Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte générale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & ornée d'un grand nombre de figures & de vignettes gravées en tailledouce, Vol. 1 (La Haye: H. Scheurleer, 1736). (p. xxxviii in Vol. 1) who found it a stronghold, serving as the base of Manchus controlling the Amur River basin.
The Aigun Treaty was concluded at Aigun in 1858. According to this treaty, the left bank of the Amur River was conceded to Russian Empire.
Geography
Heihe is located at the South bank of the Amur River, opposite to the city of Blagoveshchensk in Russia's Amur Oblast. Its jurisdictional area stretches for , which spans from 124° 45' to 129° 18' E longitude and 47° 42' to 51° 03' N latitude. Domestically, Heihe City borders Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture to the north, Yichun to the southeast, Suihua to the south, Qiqihar to the southwest, and Hulunbuir (Inner Mongolia) to the west. The Amur has formed the Sino-Russian border since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and 1860 Treaty of Peking. The area north of the Amur had previously Nerchinsk Treaty.
Climate
Heihe experiences a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb), but Dwa in the south of the prefecture, with long, bitterly cold, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of the Siberian high, and warm, wet summers, due to the East Asian monsoon. Based on data from 1981 to 2010, the monthly daily mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is , and July, the warmest month, averages , with an average annual temperature . Close to two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the months of June to August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from to .
Administrative divisions
Aihui District 爱辉区 Àihuī Qū 211,313 13,993 15.1 Bei'an city 北安市 Běi'ān Shì 436,444 6,313 69.1 Wudalianchi city 五大连池市 Wǔdàliánchí Shì 326,390 9,800 33.3 Nenjiang City city 嫩江市 Nènjiāng shì 495,519 15,360 32.3 Xunke County 逊克县 Xùnkè Xiàn 101,411 17,020 6.0 Sunwu County 孙吴县 Sūnwú Xiàn 102,821 4,454 23.1
Transportation
The transportation to and from Heihe is as follows:
Energy
West of Heihe, there is an HVDC back-to-back station for realizing an interconnection between the power grids of Russia and China with 750 MW transmission capacity.
Tourism
Heihe has tourist attractions such as Amur River and and , where people can take a trip to local volcanoes. The Old City of Aigun is a famous historical scenic spot, in which the Treaty of Aigun between China and Russia was signed in the 19th century.
Sport
Heihe University (黑河学院) has requested the Russian bandy club SKA Neftyanik to send a coach, offering a one-year contract.
Sister cities
See also
External links
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