Hasan Kuchak or Ḥasan-i Kūchik (; 1319 – 15 December 1343) was a Chupanids prince during the 14th century. He is credited with setting up a nearly independent Chupanid state in Iran during the struggles taking place in the aftermath of the Ilkhanate. He effectively became kingmaker like his namesake Hasan Buzurg.
Early life
He was born to
Timurtash and his wife Daulat Khatun
during his viceroyalty in
Anatolia. However Hasan's father was executed by the
Mamelukes in 1328, forcing Hasan to go into hiding from his father's rivals for a while. Hasan's rise to power began three years after the death of the last powerful
Ilkhan, Abu Sa'id. The
Jalayirids under
Hasan Buzurg had recently mastered western Persia, putting a puppet Muhammad Khan on the Ilkhanid throne in 1336. Hasan attempted to unify the fragmented Chobanid family. Claiming his father was alive, he used a slave named Qara Jari (a possible offspring of Hasan's grandfather
Chupan) to impersonate him. The widows of Timurtash Daulat and Kalturmish were even married to him.
Mameluk
Sultan Al-Nasr Muhammad, who had ordered Timurtash's execution, attempted to expose the fraud, but without much success. The Chobanids rallied to him; several of them (such as his cousin Pir Hosayn – governor of
Tabriz) defected from Hasan Buzurg's service. Hasan Buzurg's ally
Eretna could not do much to stop him when he and his brothers moved from
Afyonkarahisar to the east of Anatolia.
Together, they defeated Hasan Buzurg in Alataq area near Van on July 16, 1338. Muhammad Khan was executed, and the region around Tabriz occupied. Hasan Kuchak became the de facto leader of Ilkhanate realm when he was just 19.
De facto reign
At this point, Qara Jari attempted to get rid of Hasan Kuchak and take power for himself, but fled when the effort failed, ultimately killed by Hasan Buzurg. Following this, Hasan raised
Sati Beg, sister of Abu Sa'id and widow of Chupan, to the Ilkhanid throne in the summer of 1338.
When Togha Temur, another claimant to the throne, invaded from Greater Khorasan in the winter of 1339 at the behest of Hasan Buzurg, the Chobanid offered Sati's hand to him in marriage. Using this to receive letters of assurance from Togha Temur, Hasan Kuchak forwarded these to the Jalayirids. Hasan Buzurg, feeling betrayed, stopped his advance in support of Togha, and the latter was forced to retreat in July 1339. As a result of Jahan Temür's being raised to throne by Buzurg, Kuchak found a new suitable male puppet in the form of Suleiman Khan, whom he forced Sati Beg to marry in May 1339. Hasan decided to march against the Jalayirids again. Supported by Pir Hosayn, as well as his uncle Surgan, he defeated the Jalayirids on June 26, 1340, in the Zarrinarüd valley near Maraga. Surgan was made governor of Iraq and Pir Hosayn was sent to Fars province.
Revolt of Surgan
However, not all of the Chobanids remained loyal. Surgan, unhappy with the treatment of his mother Sati Beg, defected to Hasan Buzurg. An alliance was formed between the two, soon joined by the
Sutayids ruler of
Diyarbakr Hajji Taghay, as well as Mameluk Sultan Al-Nasr. Hasan Kuchak, however, managed to lure him out of the alliance, and the Mameluks soon abandoned their support. Still, Surgan began to plot with Togha Temur, who sent his brother Amir Shaikh 'Ali Ka'un to invade Iraq. These forces were defeated by Hasan Kuchak's brother
Malek Asraf in the latter half of 1341, and Surgan was soon imprisoned and sent to
Afyonkarahisar in deep Anatolia.
Revolt of Yagi Basti
Around the same time, several of the Chobanids became embroiled in a conflict concerning
Fars province. Malek Ashraf, along with his cousin
Pir Hosayn and his uncle
Yagi Basti, were involved in a conflict that also included the
Injuids, the owners of the area, and the Jalayirids. The conflict split the Chobanids, and Pir Hosayn was arrested and poisoned in Tabriz in 1342. Yagi Basti and Malek Asraf met up in
Baghdad; realizing the danger of the two individuals, Hasan Kuchak caused Malek Asraf to flee to Georgia, and then convinced Hasan Buzurg to abandon his support for him. Still, the two were back in Fars in the following year.
Death and aftermath
Hasan Kuchak was married to Izzat Malik, a daughter of Hajji Jabash (son of
Sunjaq Noyan).
He was murdered by her near the end of 1343,
ostensibly because she feared that her marital infidelity would be discovered. As Hasan Kuchak left no successor, Malek Asraf and Yagi Basti, along with Surgan, split the Chobanid lands, though Malek eventually became sole ruler. He was buried in
Tabriz.
Legacy
His name survives on an inscription found in Tabriz, Ostād-Šāgerd mosque which was built during reign of
Suleiman Khan.
Sources
