Halecomorphi

 ( Vertebrate Unranked Clades ) 

Halecomorphi is a taxon of Actinopterygii bony fish in the clade Neopterygii. The only extant Halecomorph species are the bowfin ( Amia calva) and eyespot bowfin ( Amia ocellicauda), but the group contains many extinct species in several families (including Amiidae, Caturidae, Liodesmidae, Sinamiidae) in the order Amiiformes, as well as the extinct orders Ionoscopiformes, Panxianichthyiformes, and Parasemionotiformes. The fossil record of halecomorphs goes back at least to the Early Triassic epoch.

The Halecomorphi exhibit a combination of plesiomorphy features, such as most heavily mineralized fish scale, but also by more derived or "modern" features, particularly in the structure of the skull (e.g. position and shape of ). Unique derived traits (synapomorphies) of the Halecomorphi include:

• Unique jaw articulation in which the Quadrate bone and Symplectic bone participate in the joint.
• Lengthened dorsal fins (in some species)
• Two biconcave vertebrae per segment in the posterior body region (a condition known as diplospondyly)
• Fan like arrangement of small bones (hypurals) in the tail.

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Systematics and phylogeny On the systematic position of the Halecomorphi, there are two competing hypotheses:

• The Halecostomi hypothesis proposes Halecomorphi as the sister group of Teleostei, the major group of living Neopterygii, rendering the Holostei paraphyletic.Patterson C. Interrelationships of holosteans. In: Greenwood P H, Miles R S, Patterson C, eds. Interrelationships of Fishes. Zool J Linn Soc, 1973, 53(Suppl): 233–305
• The Holostei hypothesis proposes Halecomorphi as the sister group of Ginglymodi, the group which includes (Lepisosteidae) and their fossil relatives, rendering the Halecostomi paraphyletic.

The latter hypothesis is more widely accepted.

The following cladogram summarizes the phylogeny of extinct (indicated with a dagger, †) and extant taxa orders of Halecomorphi.

• Brian J. Gardiner, John G. Maisey, D. Tim J. Littlewood: Interrelationships of Basal Neopterygians. S. 117-146 in: Melanie L. J. Stiassny, Lynne R. Parenti, G. David Johnson (Hrsg.): Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, 1996,

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