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Haisyn (, , ) or Haysyn is a city in central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Haisyn Raion within Vinnytsia Oblast. It is located on the in the eastern part of the historical region of Podolia. Its population is
In addition to the Ukrainian Гайсин ( Haisyn), in other languages the name of the city is and .
In 1600, the settlement was granted to nobleman Swirski. In 1605, it passed from nobleman Oriszewski to Jadwiga Różynska of the through right of her 4th husband, although her rights to the land would be disputed with neighboring families until 1616 when the land was finally transferred to the Odrzywolski family for "lifetime possession".
On 16 November 1621, King of Poland Sigismund III gave the land of Haisyn to the nobleman Jan Dzierzka for his military services. 8 years later, the census of 1629 showed the village to have a population of 822 people.
Haisyn suffered many damages during the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1654), which was accompanied by looting of property and mass murder of the Jewish population in the area.
In 1659, King of Poland John II Casimir Vasa granted Gaisin to the Zaporizhian Maxim Bulyga. This was most likely done in an attempt to appease the Cossacks population in order to maintain security in the region in the event that Turkish or Russian forces invaded the area. However, in 1660, the land was granted to Stanislaw Jakubowski. (2025). 9789660225046, Derz︠h︡avnyĭ komitet arkhiviv Ukraïny. ISBN 9789660225046
In 1699, according to the Treaty of Karlowitz, the Ottoman Empire recognized Haisyn as part of Poland. Polish feudal lords began managing the land once more, between which there were constant Internecine war disputes. The Ogiński and Sapieha families fought over the city. Caught in the crossfires of the dispute, Haisyn was plundered in 1701 and nearly destroyed.
Much of the 18th century was a turbulent time for Jews and Poles in the town. During 1734 and 1750, Haydamak uprisings devastated the ethnically Polish and Jewish populations in the Bratslav Voivodeship, with both being massacred by Ukrainian rebels. The exact number of victims slaughtered is not known,Orest Subtelny (1998). 9780802005915, Published by the University of Toronto Press in association with the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. ISBN 9780802005915 but almost all sources record that there was a near-total destruction of the communities during the conflict.
In 1744, King Augustus III granted Haisyn Magdeburg rights, making it a royal city of the Poland.
In 1768, another Koliivshchyna occurred, and the citizens of the town joined the revolt. A mass-murder of Jews and Poles once again ensued. After the suppression of the uprising, the lands of Haisyn were divided among the magnates of Potocki family, among others , Sobanski, and Holoniewski. Haisyn itself with the surrounding villages, was given to Anthony Leduchowski in 1775. In 1783, he received the royal privilege to own the city and surrounding villages for the next 50 years. However, in 1789, Haisyn was given by Leduchowski to Earl Felix Potocki, who owned 10 thousand of settled land and 1,200 dessiatinas of forest in the region.
At the time of the Revision list, there were only 50 Jews in Haisyn. Following Jewish immigration waves within Eastern Europe, the population rapidly grew. By the year 1800, there were 1,275 Jews in the Gaysinsky Uyezd, with a total population of 1,857.
On 22 May 1792, Haisyn became a town of regional significance.
The Haisyn City Council was created in 1793, but its oversight was limited to collection of taxes, and maintenance of city utilities (police, schools, hospitals, etc.). From 1793 to 1861, it also had a City Magistrate, which performed judicial and tax functions. At the end of the 18th century, the governor of Haisyn was Colonel Petro Chechel, who is famous for the palace that he erected as his residence after purchasing multiple villages in the Starokonstantinovsky district.
I commanded to leave the Magistrate in its former position in Gaisin, until the sources for multiplying municipal revenues are found, so (...) 2) that the local provincial administration, upon discovering new ways to sufficiently increase municipal revenues, submit its thoughts on the possibility of establishing a Duma to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (...)«Постановления по общественному управлению», 17 января 1838 / Там жеThe government took a number of practical steps to develop the province, including the provision of special benefits:
24 December 1841. To improve the welfare of the cities of Podolia province, privileges were granted to merchants, burghers, and people of free means, who moved to these cities from areas that did not belong to the Western provinces.«Льготы» / Там жеThe local government organization developed many town offices, including:
In 1834, the Jewish community in Haisyn had reached 1,692 people. The town contained a synagogue, a Beit midrash, two houses of prayer, and six . There were three rabbis and three . The population grew further to 2,175 by 1863, split across 262 "individual Jewish buildings". By 1896, that figure had risen to 5,152.
In 1843, a wealthy merchant by the name of Israel Rozin settled in Haisyn and began a business producing and selling alcohol. His philanthropic activity towards the local population and soldiers made him favorable in eyes of the local government, which bestowed upon him honors equal to a military rank in civilian status. During a cholera epidemic in 1855, Rozin undertook paycuts and provided free services and alcohol to citizens.
By 1855, the ratio of Jews to Christians was 1,246 to 1,305, with 271 Jewish merchants and 45 Christian merchants. There were many artisans among the Jewish population.
In 1858, there were 10,106 inhabitants (5,316 men and 4,790 women) in Haisyn, the town budget was a little over 5,000 rubles (the town's income was 5060 rubles 93.75, and their expenses were 5055 rubles 25 kopecks). In 1863 there were 9,630 inhabitants in Haisyn (4,952 men and 4,678 women). Over five years (see above) the city's population decreased by 476 people.
In 1859, in the village of , the Mohylne sugar factory was founded. Sugar refinery from became an important industry for the town. In the 1864–1865 season, the Mohylne factory, as well as Krasnosilka factory, produced a total of 24,480 of sugar.One pood is roughly equivalent to around 36 pounds. Another refinery, the Sobolivka Sugar Refinery, was founded in 1868.
Russian economic reforms from 1860 to 1880 significantly accelerated the industrial development in the region. Cloth manufacturing in Haisyn county accounted for more than half of the total manufacturing capacity in the entire Podolia govenrorate. A silk factory was opened in the city, and in 1870, a brick factory was founded. Two tobacco processing plants were founded in 1880 and 1897. A steam mill opened up on the outskirts of the city. Two printing houses were established in the city by Jews. One by Udla Leibovna Shvartsman in 1876, and one in 1893 by Nukhim Volkovich Weinstein. Там же., p. 198.
In May 1886, by the initiative of Archpriest Nikandr Gavrilovich Mikhnevich, the Holy Protection City Cathedral was founded. It was a five-domed brick building on a stone plinth with a bell tower. Inside, there was a three-tiered wooden iconostasis. There was a church cemetery near the cathedral. In the 1930s, the church, like many other religious buildings, was destroyed by Soviet authorities.
According to the 1897 census, there were 9,374 inhabitants in Haisyn, including:
A significant event for the city's economy was the opening by the Southern Society of access roads in 1900 of a narrow-gauge railroad from Zhytomyr to Olviopol, which passed through Haisyn. By that time, the city had become one of the largest in Podolia. In 1900, the town budget of Haisyn amounted to more than 30,000 rubles (36,437 rubles in revenues, and 23,944 rubles in expenditures).
By 1902, Haisyn had a total of 10,765 residents. There was a public school, 23 factories and plants employing 631 workers, with a total annual production value of 656,820 rubles.Там же Item 1347 A library was opened the same year.
Many Jews began to leave Haisyn in 1905 following Pogroms that hit the city particularly hard. Nevertheless, there were nearly 7,000 Jews in Gaisyn in 1917, constituting half the city's population.
The population of Haisyn in 1910 was 13,222. It had 6,208 Russian Orthodox, 359 Catholics, 14 Mohammedans, and 6,629 Jews.
The development of the city was fast on the eve of World War I. There were 36 registered enterprises in the town, including a newly opened meteorological station. Stone buildings became more commonplace, including a hospital, bank, grand hotel, law office, schoolhouse, and pharmacy.
During World War I, the of the Southwestern Front was stationed in the city.
Bolsheviks troops (7th Army of the Southwestern Front) captured Haisyn and took control of the city on 2 February 1918.
In June 1918, the Haisyn district committee of the Council of Peasant Deputies distributed leaflets condemning the election of the Hetman and in favor of the Central Rada. Headman of the district reported the leaflets to the Minister of Internal Affairs, resulting in the arrests of the Assistant District Commissioner and the Chairman of the People's Council.
Nearly a year later, during the seizure of Haisyn by the gangs of Ataman , 1,200 people were killed, most of whom were Jews. Later in the year, during the city's capture by Denikin, business and homes were looted and women were raped. Вишневецкий А. Гайсин: местечко в сердце Подолии // «Новости недели» (приложение «Время НН»). 7 August 2008. At least 152 people were killed in Haisyn in May 1919. Other estimates place the death toll as high as 390. More violence against Jews took place between 20 July and 25 July. One witness of pogroms in Ukraine during the Russian Revolution stated the following about how the pattern took place:
The most common type of pogrom is as follows. Armed men burst into a town or locality, scatter through the streets, rush in groups into Jewish apartments, murder with no care for age or sex, they brutally rape and often kill women, extort money under threat of death and then kill the victims, seize what they can carry, and break down ovens and walls in search of money and valuables. One group is followed by the second, the third, and so on, until there is nothing left to carry or take away. In Pereiaslav during the pogrom of 15–19 July by Zeleny, each Jewish apartment was visited by bandits 20-30 times a day. Later, the building was reduced to nothing but window panes, bricks and beams.Both those who would be murdered and the survivors are stripped down to their underwear, or sometimes even naked. Delegations of Jews or well-meaning Christians are sent to the newly-appointed authorities to ask for an end to the pogrom. The authorities agree on the condition that the surviving Jewish population pay a ransom to the government. The money is paid, new demands are made to deliver boots, meat, and so on. In the meantime, the groups of continue to terrorize the remaining Jews, extort money, kill, and rape. Then, the enemy enters the town or locality, often completing the robbery of Jews and continuing the savage violence. The old thugs disappear, only to return again a few days later. ... It is extremely common for Jews to be transported for mass murder, torture and robbery to one house: to the synagogue like in Ivankov, Rotmistrovka, and Ladyzhynka, to the Office or Executive Committee in Funduklejevka, Ladyzhenka, and Novomyrhorod, or simply to some house as in Gaisin or Davydka.
In October 1919, the city was occupied by units of the Volunteer Army. By January, Denikin's troops had fled the city. On 7 January 1920, Prime Minister Isaak Mazepa, Colonel N. Nikonov, and P. Fedenko arrived in Haisyn on their way from Vinnytsia. Mazepa described the condition of the city upon his arrival:
In Haisyn itself, there had been no law enforcement for more than two weeks. There was complete indifference and apathy towards. No one even thought of organizing the authorities. Even the local rebel Ataman Volynets, with whom Fedchenko had a meeting at that time, was sitting in one of the neighboring villages near Haisyn and "resting" without work.Until the establishment of the USSR, the city would change hands, with death and destruction following. In February 1920. Haisyn was captured by the Red Army, in May by Yuriy Tyutyunnyk forces, then by Volynets' gang. And every transition of the city from hand to hand was accompanied by pogroms and looting. After the Soviet offensive on 6 June 1920, Haisyn was reconquered under the command of Pyotr Solodukhin, after being defended by the 18th Polish Infantry Division.
During the NEP period, there was a short-term revival of trade and entrepreneurial activity in the Jewish community, but with the winding down of the NEP and the cessation of private trade activity, some of the Jews of Gaisin were forced to join the Jewish collective farm organized in the city.
In 1926, 5,190 Jews (33.9% of the total population) lived in Gaisin, and in 1939, the number fell to 4,109. In the late 1930s, the large synagogue was demolished, and the small synagogue and Jewish school were closed.
| Ukrainian | 93.01% |
| Russian | 6.62% |
| other/undecided | 0.37% |
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