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Hadrumetum, also known by many variant spellings and names, was a colony that pre-dated Carthage. It subsequently became one of the most important cities in Roman Africa before Vandal Kingdom and Umayyad conquerors left it ruined. In the early modern period, it was the village of Hammeim, now part of Sousse, Tunisia.
A number of punic steles were found during excavations at the site of the modern day .
The ancient transcriptions of the name show a great deal of variation. Different Greeks hellenization the name as Adrýmē (Ἀδρύμη),. Adrýmēs (Ἀδρύμης), Adrýmēton (Ἀδρύμητον), Adrýmētos (Ἀδρύμητος), Adramýtēs (Ἀδραμύτης), Adrámētós (Ἀδράμητος) and Adrumetum (Ἀδρούμητον). Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Hadrumētum Surviving Roman inscriptions and coinage standardized its latinization as Hadrumetum but it appears in other sources as Adrumetum, Adrumetus, Adrimetum, Hadrymetum, etc. Upon its notional refounding as a Roman colony, its formal name was emended to Ulpia Trajana Augusta to honor its imperial sponsor.
It was renamed Honoriopolis after the emperor Honorius in the early 5th century, then Hunericopolis after the Vandal king HunericO. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns. IX. footnote 113. and Justinianopolis after the first few years of occupation from emperor Justinian I.
During the civil war between Pompey and Julius Caesar, G. Considius Longus secured Hadrumetum for the Optimates with forces equivalent to two Roman legion. Despite being reinforced by Gn. Calpurnius Piso's Berbers cavalry and footmen from Kelibia, however, he was obliged to allow Caesar to land nearby on 28 December 47BC.Julius Caesar & al., Afr. War, Ch.iii. According to Suetonius, this landing was the occasion of the famously deft recovery, when Caesar tripped while coming ashore but dealt with the poor omen by grabbing handfuls of dirt and proclaiming "I have you now, Africa!" ()Suetonius, Div. Jul., §59. & Caesar's attempts to negotiate with Longus were rejected but the campaign subsequently led to his victory over Metellus Scipio and Juba at Thapsus, after which Longus was killed by his own men for the money he was carryingCaesar & al., Afr. War, §76. and the town went over to Caesar.Caesar & al., Afr. War, §89.
Hadrumetum was one of the most important communities in Roman North Africa because of the fertility of its hinterland (modern Tunisia's Sahel), which made it an important source of Cura Annonae. It quarreled with its neighbor Thysdrus over the temple of a goddess equated to Minerva, which stood on their shared border.
Under Augustus, Hadrumetum's coins bore his face obverse and the name (and often face) of Africa's proconsul obverse; after Augustus, the mint was closed. Hadrumetum revolted while Vespasian was proconsul of Africa.Suetonius, Vesp., Ch. iv. It nonetheless continued to prosper; Trajan gave it the rank of a Roman colony, giving its residents Roman citizenship. A breathtaking legacy of intricate Roman mosaic survives from this era, together with many early Christian objects from the catacombs. It was the second city in Roman Africa after Carthage and the birthplace of Clodius Albinus, who attempted to become emperor in the 190s. At the end of the 3rd century, it became the capital of the new province of Byzacena (modern Sahel, Tunisia).
The ruins of Hadrumetum stood in the village of Hammeim, from the later Sousse,. which grew up to include them in its outskirts.
Under French Tunisia, the French engineer A. Daux rediscovered the jetty and harbor mole of the Roman town's commercial harbor and the line of its military harbor; both had been mostly artificial and have siltation since antiquity. Louis Carton and AbbéLeynaud rediscovered the Christian catacombs in 1904; the tunnels extend for miles through small subterranean galleries filled with Roman and Byzantine sarcophagi and inscriptions.
Geography
Hadrumetum controlled the mouth of a small river on the Gulf of Hammamet (), an inlet of the Mediterranean along the coast.
History
Phoenician colony
In the 9th centuryBC, Tyrians established Hadrumetum as a trading post and waypoint along their trade routes to Italy and the Strait of Gibraltar. Its establishment preceded Carthage'sSallust, Jug., 19. but, like other western Phoenician colonies, it became part of the Carthaginian Empire following 's long siege of Tyre in the 580s and 570sBC.
Carthaginian city
Agathocles of Syracuse captured the town in 310BC during the Seventh Sicilian War, as part of his failed attempt to move the conflict to Africa. Hadrumetum later provided refuge to Hannibal and other Carthaginian survivors after their 202BC defeat at Zama, which decided the outcome of the Second Punic War. The total length of the Punic fortifications was apparently ; some ruins survive.
Roman city
During the Third Punic War, the government of Hadrumetum supported the Roman Republic against CarthageAppian, The Punic Wars, §94. and, after Carthage's destruction in 146BC, it received additional territory and the status of a free city in thanks. CIL, Vol.I, p.84. During this period, it chose its own Shophet () and minted its own bronze coins with the head of "Neptune" or the Sun.
Later history
In 434, it was largely destroyed by the Vandal Kingdom; their fervent Arianism produced a number of orthodox martyrs in the remaining community, including SSFelix and Victorian. A century later, Hadrumetum was retaken and rebuilt by the Byzantine Empire during the Vandalic War.Procopius., Build., Book VI, §6. It was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate in the 7th century.
Ruins
In addition to the Punic walls, Roman harbors, and Byzantine catacombs, there are ruins of the Byzantine acropolis and basilica; the Roman Roman circus, water cistern, the theater; and a Punic necropolis.
Religion
As a major Roman city, Hadrumetum produced a number of , including Mavilus during the regional persecutions of Caracalla's reign and the Bishop Felix and proconsul Victorian during the Vandal Kingdom' efforts to forcibly convert their subjects to Arianism. From 255 to 551, the city was the cathedra of a Christian bishopric. The see was revived in the 17th century as a Catholic titular see.
List of bishops
There were nine ancient bishops of Hadrumetum who are still known.
Citations
Bibliography
External links
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