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Viṭṭhalanātha (Devanagari: विट्ठलनाथ, IAST: Viṭṭhalanātha; 10 December 1515 – 10 February 1586), popularly known as Gusaiji, was an Indian philosopher. He was the younger son of Vallabha, who founded the Puṣṭimārga Sampradaya of Hinduism.
His devotees consider him an incarnation of the god Vithoba (Vitthal) of Pandharpur. He was brought up by Vallabha till the age of 15, and after that, by Vallabha's disciple Damodara-dasa.
He studied Nyaya at Navadvipa and was proficient in the Vedas, the Brahma Sutras, and the Mīmāṃsā philosophy.
After the death of his father Vallabha (c. 1530), Viṭṭhalanātha's elder brother Gopinātha became the leader of the sect. However, when Gopinātha died in 1542 with his son Puruṣottama still a minor, Viṭṭhalanātha emerged as the main leader of the religious sect established by his father. Six years later he faced a challenge by Puruṣottama and his family, who was backed by Kr̥ṣṇadāsa Adhikāri, the first temple manager of the Shrinathji Temple.
Kr̥ṣṇadāsa often had controversial relationships with women, and once allowed a wealthy kṣatriya woman named Gaṅgābāī Kṣatrānī to be present during the private offerings of food to Śrī Nāthajī. This was ritually prohibited and Viṭṭhalanātha banned the woman from the temple premises. However, in retaliation Kr̥ṣṇadās had Viṭṭhalanātha banned from the temple for a period that would last six months. Rāmdās Cauhān was a supporter of Viṭṭhalanātha, and daily brought him caraṇāmr̥ta, garlands, and messages for Śrī Nāthajī. Viṭṭhalanātha's eldest son Giridhara then petitioned with local Mughal Empire authorities (specifically identified as Birbal) who had Kr̥ṣṇadāsa arrested. However, Viṭṭhalanātha demanded that Kr̥ṣṇadāsa be released, and the two reconciled with Viṭṭhalanātha being reinstated as the head of the sect and Kr̥ṣṇadāsa as temple manager. Puruṣottama would later die at a young age. This account is found in the vārta of Kr̥ṣṇadāsa, and it is unlikely that Bīrbal himself took part in these events, and that these events likely took place c. 1548–1549.
From 1543 through 1581, Viṭṭhalanāṭha went on six fundraising tours that had a primary focus on Gujarat, visiting the cities of Dwarka, Surat, Khambhat, Ahmedabad, and Godhra. He was successful in converting large portions of Gujarati merchants (, Bhatia caste, Banias), agriculturalists (), and artisans. When visiting Ahmedabad he used to stay in the house of Bhāīlā Koṭhārī in Asarwa. The house now houses Viṭṭhalanātha's baiṭhak. Bhāīlā Koṭhārī's son-in-law Gopāḷdās (also a devotee of Viṭṭhalanātha) composed the Vallabhākhyān by 1577, which praises the family of Vallabha, and was one of the earliest to establish the divinity of Vallabha, Viṭṭhalanātha, and their descendants.
Viṭṭhalanātha was successful in securing royal and political patronage, such as with Rani Durgavati, who arranged his second marriage and gifted him land and the Sātgharā mansion in Mathura. According to sectarian sources he also initiated Askaran, the ruler of Narwar.
After moving to Gokul, he was also successful in Mughal patronage. In 1577, a grant was issued in the name of the emperor Akbar that Viṭṭhalnātha and his family would be exempt from tax and that his land in Gokul would be protected by the state. In 1581, grant was issued that allowed Puṣṭi Mārga cows to roam freely through Gokul, including state property and Mughal noble's estates. In 1581, another grant was issued in the name of Hamida Begum that Puṣṭi Mārga cows could roam freely throughout the entirety of Braj. In 1588 Bahadur Khan issued a grant affirming the same right, as well as detailing that the cows could not be harassed by Mughal officials for herding or tax purposes. In return for the imperial Mughal patronage, the Puṣṭi Mārga was required to pray for the continual welfare of the Mughal Empire. According to sectarian literature, Viṭṭhalanātha met Akbar in Braj, and gifted a diamond which was then embedded into the chin of Śrī Nathajī, as well as initiating Akbar's wife Taj Bibi. These two claims are unattested outside of sectarian literature, which seek to show Viṭṭhalanātha's spiritual authority as greater than the worldly power of Akbar. In 1593 he was granted a Firman confirming his purchase of tax-free land in Jatipura, where he built gardens, workshops, cowsheds, and buildings for the worship of Śrī Nāthajī. The same year another grant was issued stating his lands in Gokul and Guzar Ghat were tax-exempt in perpetuity. However, according to Saha these grants were issued to Viṭṭhalanātha's grandson Viṭṭhalarāya.
Vitthalanatha propagated the teachings of his father and established a religious centre at Gokul.
Viṭṭhalanāṭha lived at his father's house in Adail, and later moved to Braj during the reign of Akbar and lived in Sātgharā.
Viṭṭhalanātha expanded the rituals of the Puṣṭi Mārga by transforming the simple rituals of his father's time into a complex, aesthetically pleasing ritual experience. In his time, he reformed the sevā to recreate the daily routine of Kr̥ṣṇa, in which he was offered expensive clothing, jewelry, perfumes, and sumptuous meals. The art of paintings and poetry were also added to rituals in order to enhance their appeal.
After a long life of service to his sect, he died on Mahā vada 7, 1642 Vikram Samvat (February 10, 1586). One sectarian source for his death, Saṃpradāya Kalpadruma, gives the date of Phālguna suda 11, 1644 V.S., differing from tradition. However, since his descendants celebrate his anniversary on Mahā vada 7, it is accepted that the 1642 V.S. date is correct.
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