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Groningen ( , ; "Groningen" (US) and ; or Grunnen ) is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen province in the . Dubbed the "capital of the north", Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of the country; as of January 2025, it had 244,807 inhabitants, AlleCijfers - Groningen population data making it the sixth largest city/municipality in the Netherlands and the second largest outside the . The Groningen metropolitan area has a population of over 360,000.

Groningen was established more than 980 years ago but never gained city rights. Due to its relatively isolated location from the then successive Dutch centres of power (, , ), Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions. As a city, it was part of the North German trade network, but later it mainly became a regional market centre. At the height of its power in the 15th century, Groningen could be considered an independent and it remained autonomous until the late 18th century, when it was incorporated into the Batavian Republic.

Today Groningen is a university city, home to some of the country's leading higher education institutes; University of Groningen ( Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), which is the Netherlands's second oldest university, and Hanze University of Applied Sciences ( Hanzehogeschool Groningen). Students comprise an estimated 25% of its total population, making it the country's demographically youngest city.


Etymology
The origin and meaning of 'Groningen' and its older variant, 'Groeningen', are uncertain. A folk origin story relates the idea that, in 453 BC, exiles from who were guided by a mythical figure called Gruno (or Grunius, Gryns or Grunus), along with a group of from Germany, founded a settlement in what is now Groningen, and built a castle on the bank of the , which they called 'Grunoburg', and which was later destroyed by the Vikings.

One modern theory is that 'Groningen' meant 'among the people of Groni' ('Groningi' and 'Groninga' in the 11th century), derived from Gronesbeke, which was the old name for a small lake near the Hunze (on the northern border of ).

(1999). 9789050281324, REGIO-PRoject uitgevers. .
As the name Grone (variant Groene) is an old Frisian personal name, the origin may very well be in a settlement originally founded by the family of Grone and their followers, which in Frisian would be called Groninga. Another theory is that the name was derived from the word groenighe, meaning 'green fields'.

In Frisian, it is called Grins. "Grins (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011 In Groningen province, it is called . Regionally, it is often simply referred to as Stad (the "city"), and its inhabitants are referred to as Stadjers or Stadjeder.

(1995). 9789065501424, Uitgeverij Verloren. .
The Dutch sometimes refer to it as "the Metropolis of the North",
(2025). 9780415262422, Psychology Press. .
or Martinistad (after the tower).


History
The city was founded at the northernmost point of the area.
(2012). 9789400743786, Springer Science & Business Media. .
While the oldest document referring to Groningen's existence dates from 1040, the area was occupied by Anglo-Saxons centuries prior.
(2014). 9783319108766, Springer. .
The oldest archaeological evidence of a settlement in the region stems from around 3950–3650 BC,
(2020). 9781789254112, Oxbow Books. .
and the first major settlement in Groningen trace back to the year 3 AD.
(1982). 9789054101369, A.A. Balkema. .

In the 13th century Groningen was an important trade centre and its inhabitants built a to underline its authority.

(2007). 9781848368439, Rough Guides Limited. .
The city had a strong influence on its surrounding lands and the became common.
(2011). 9783110853063, Walter de Gruyter. .
The city's most influential period was at the end of the 15th century, when the nearby province of was administered from Groningen.
(2020). 9780241464595, Dorling Kindersley Limited. .
During these years the was built which is considered to be the city's most significant landmark.E.O. van der Werff, Martini. Kerk en toren. Assen, 2003, p. 53; F. Westra, Martinitoren. Groningen, 2009, p. 29. According to an improbable myth, the tower would have been 127 m high

In 1536, Groningen accepted Emperor Charles V, the King of Spain and the Habsburg ruler of the other Netherlands as its ruler, thus ending the region's autonomy. The city was captured in the Siege of Groningen (1594) by the Dutch and English forces led by Maurice of Nassau. After the siege, the city and the province joined the .

(2004). 9780230000902, Palgrave Macmillan UK. .

During the 17th century, Groningen served as a crucial hub for the Dutch West India Company (WIC). This powerful trading company was responsible for maritime trade, colonization, and the transportation of goods and people.

The WIC transported over 300,000 slaves from the African coast to the Dutch colonies between 1621 and 1792. Warships like the Groeningen sailed from Groningen's shipyards to Africa's west coast, carrying enslaved Africans to plantations in Brazil, Suriname, and the Antilles. These same ships returned to Europe laden with valuable commodities such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco.

The University of Groningen was founded in 1614 with initial course offerings in law, medicine, theology and philosophy. During this period the city expanded rapidly and a new city wall was built.

(2014). 9781782898108, Lucknow Books. .

The Siege of Groningen (1672) led by the bishop of Münster, Bernhard von Galen, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War failed and the city walls resisted;

(2025). 9780754650713, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. .
an event that is celebrated annually with music and fireworks on 28 August as " " or " Bommen Berend" ("Bombing Bernard"). Groningen tourism site In the early 19th century when the kingdom of Holland under king Jerôme Bonaparte was founded, Groningen was integrated into the French system of administration, and then annexed in 1811 into the French Empire under emperor Napoleon I (until 1813). During the French administration of the area, Groningen was called Groningue.

During World War II, the main square and the Grote Markt were largely destroyed in the Battle of Groningen in April 1945. However, the church Martinitoren, the , and the city hall were undamaged.

(2017). 9781351742122, Taylor & Francis. .


Geography
There is a town named after Groningen in Saramacca District, Suriname, a former Dutch colony. It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor-general of Suriname , who established the town as a fort in 1790.


Canals
Numerous canals (Gracht]]) surround the city, locally called diep. The major canals that travel from the city are the Van Starkenborgh Canal, , and Winschoterdiep. Groningen's canals, no longer used for commercial goods transport, were once vital hubs in trade and transport. The rivers crossing close to the Binnenstad have been used for trade for at least a . The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge. Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce. These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies.


Climate
Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate, like all of the Netherlands, although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position. Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north-west and its prevailing north-western winds and gales.

Summers are somewhat warm and humid. Temperatures of or higher occur sporadically; the average daytime high is around . Very rainy periods are common, especially in spring and summer. Average annual precipitation is about . Annual sunshine hours vary, but are usually below 1600 hours, giving much cloud cover similar to most of the Netherlands. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "". (Marine West Coast Climate/).

Winters are cool; on average above freezing, although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds. Night-time temperatures of or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods. The lowest temperature ever recorded is on 16 February 1956. Snow often falls, but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures, although white snowy days happen every winter.


Economy
Hotel and catering industries constitute a significant part of the economy in Groningen. Focus on business services has increased over time and areas such as IT, life sciences, tourism, energy, and environment have developed.
(2020). 9789264724426, OECD Publishing. .

Until 2008 there were two major Beet sugar factories within the city. The plant was constructed in the outskirts of Groningen, but became a part of the city due to expansion. The factory had 98 employees before it was closed in 2008 due to a reduction in demand. As of 2017, Vierverlaten sugar factory in remains the only beet sugar production plant in the city. Other notable companies from Groningen include publishing company Noordhoff Uitgevers,

(2015). 9781442255937, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. .
tobacco company Niemeyer,
(1991). 9780810369467, Gale Research. .
health insurance company Menzis,
(2025). 9789023243250, Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. .
distillery Hooghoudt, and natural gas companies and .
(2017). 9781593703813, PennWell Corporation. .


Demographics

Immigration
+ City of Groningen population by country of origin (2020) ! Country/territoryPopulation
175,249
6,427
5,847
3,959
3,401
2,321
2,172
1,774
1,768
1,401
1,391
1,266
1,157
1,050
11,992
As of 2020, Groningen had a total population of 232,874 people.
5,8472.51%
Netherlands Antilles and 3,9591.7%
3,4011.46%
1,7740.76%
1,2660.54%
Total232,874100%


Religion
The majority of people in Groningen, slightly more than 70%, are non-religious. With 25.1%, the largest religion in Groningen is .


Population growth
The municipality of Groningen has grown rapidly. In 1968 it expanded by mergers with Hoogkerk and Noorddijk,
(1987). 9789065503091, Uitgeverij Verloren. .
and in 2019 it merged with Haren and Ten Boer. All historical data are for the original city limits, excluding Hoogkerk, Noorddijk, Haren and Ten Boer.

It has a land area of , and a total area, including water, of . Its population density is 1,367 residents per km2 (3,540 per square mile). On 1 January 2019, it was merged with the municipalities of and Haren. The Groningen-Assen metropolitan area has about half a million inhabitants. Colors=

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Culture
Groningen is nationally known as the "Metropolis of the North". The city is regarded as the main urban centre of the Northern part of the country, particularly in the fields of education, business,
(2012). 9781136586415, Routledge. .
music and other arts. It is also known as " Martinistad", referring to the tower of the , which is named after Groningen's Martin of Tours.
(1995). 9789004101937, BRILL. .
The large student population also contributes to the very diverse cultural scene for a city of its size.

Since 2016 Groningen has been host of the International Cycling Film Festival, an annual film festival for bicycle related films. It takes place in the art house cinema of the old Roman Catholic Hospital.

The first major international chess tournament after World War II was held in Groningen in 1946. The tournament, won by Mikhail Botvinnik of the USSR, was the first time the Soviet Union had sent a team to a foreign event. An international chess "Schaakfestival Groningen tournament" has been held in the city in most years since 1946.


Museums
Groningen is home to the .
(2025). 9789064507083, 010 Publishers. .
Its new building designed by Alessandro Mendini in 1994 echoes the Italian post-modern concepts and is notable for its futuristic and colourful style.
(2000). 9780072433449, McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. .
The city has a , a university museum, a comics museum and a graphics museum.
(2013). 9781409335436, Rough Guides Limited. .
Groningen is also the home of , an international photographic platform that runs a photo gallery and organizes an international photo festival.
(2013). 9781136500213, Routledge. .
The that opened in 2019 is a cultural center consisting of a museum, art cinema, library, bars, rooftop terrace and tourist information office.
(2019). 9781789195279, Apa Publications (UK) Limited. .


Theatre and music
Groningen has a city theatre called the Stadsschouwburg, located on the Turfsingel,
(2025). 9789491431050, Barkhuis. .
a theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza,
(2007). 9789059721418, Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.. .
and a cultural venue on the Trompsingel, called the Oosterpoort.
(2011). 9781136900938, Routledge. .
Vera is located on the Oosterstraat, the Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt,
(2025). 9789056624057, NAi Publishers. .
and Simplon on the .
(2025). 9781858285412, Rough Guides. .
Several cafés feature live music, a few of which specialize in jazz music, including the Jazzcafe De Spieghel on the Peperstraat.
(1997). 9781858282299, Rough Guides. .
Groningen is the host city for Eurosonic Noorderslag, an annual music showcase event for bands from across Europe.


Nightlife
Groningen's active nightlife depends largely on its student population, with the Grote Markt, Vismarkt, Poelestraat and Peperstraat crowded nightly, most bars not closing until five in the morning. From 2005 to 2007, Groningen was named "best city centre" of the Netherlands. Groningen has a red-light district, called Nieuwstad.


Sports
, founded in 1971, is the local football club, and as of 2000 they play in the , the highest football league of the Netherlands. Winners of the in the 2014–15 season, their best Eredivisie result was in the 1990–91 season when they finished third. Their current stadium which opened in January 2006 has 22,525 seats. 10 million Euro orders for Olympic Stadium in Berlin and Euroborg Stadium in Groningen Imtech, 8 April 2004 It is called the ; it was known as the "Euroborg stadium" before 2016, and "Noordlease Stadion" from 2016 to 2018.

American sports are fairly popular in Groningen; it has American football, , and clubs. Groningen's professional basketball club Donar play in the highest professional league, the Dutch Basketball League, and have won the national championship seven times. The are the American football team of the city who play in the premier league of the and are nicknamed as the "Kings of the North".

The running event called 4 Miles of Groningen takes place in the city on the second Sunday of October every year with over 23,000 participants. The 2002 Giro d'Italia began in Groningen, including the prologue and the start of the first stage. The city hosted the start and finish of the fifth stage of the 2013 Energiewacht Tour.


Education
As of 2020, around 25% of the 230,000 inhabitants in Groningen are students. The city has the highest density of students and the lowest mean age in the Netherlands.

There are also Middle Schools, such as H.N. Werkman College

The University of Groningen (in Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), established in 1614 is the second oldest university in the Netherlands (after the University of Leiden).

(2013). 9789401756181, Springer. .
The university educated the country's first female student, ,
(1996). 9781558611382, Feminist Press. .
the first Dutch national astronaut, , the first president of the European Central Bank, , and two ; Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (in Physics) and (in Chemistry).
(2025). 9788176487436, APH Publishing. .
The university has about 31,000 students 22% of whom are international.

The Hanze University of Applied Sciences (in Dutch: Hanzehogeschool Groningen) was founded in 1986 and is more focused on the practical application of knowledge, offering bachelor and master courses in fields like Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Communication and Multimedia Design, and Renewable Energy. With around 8.1% international students, Hanze hosts more than 28,000 students and is one of the largest universities of applied sciences by enrollment in the Netherlands.


Politics
The Groningen municipal council has 45 members which, after the 2022 local elections, was made up as follows:
+Groningen municipal council !Party name !Seats
9
PvdA6
D665
Party for the Animals4
Stadspartij 100% voor Groningen4
Socialist Party4
3
Student en Stad3
2
Christian Democratic Appeal2
Party for the North2
Party for Freedom1
From 2022, the ruling municipal coalition consisted of GroenLinks, PvdA, Party for the Animals, the Socialist Party and ChristenUnie.


International relations
Groningen is twinned with the following cities:

Groningen also has a trilateral partnership with the nearby northern German cities of and Oldenburg.


Transport

Cycling and walking
Groningen is known as the "World Cycling City"; around 57% of its residents use a bicycle for regular commute within the city.
(2013). 9781447310105, Policy Press. .
In 2000, Groningen was chosen as the Fietsstad 2002, the top cycle-city in the Netherlands for 2002.
(2003). 9781855738614, Elsevier. .
Similar to most Dutch cities, Groningen has developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists.
(2018). 9781610918794, Island Press. .
An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car.
(2018). 9783035615258, Birkhäuser. .

The city has segregated cycle-paths, public transport, and a large pedestrianised zone in the city centre. Groningen's city centre was remodeled into a "pedestrian priority zone" to promote walking and biking.

(2012). 9781610910132, Island Press. .
This was achieved by applying the principle of filtered permeability—the network configuration favours active transportation and selectively "filters out" traveling in a car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre.
(2012). 9781136539855, Routledge. .
The streets that are discontinuous for cars connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre.
(2016). 9781447317562, Policy Press. .
In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces, increasing aesthetic appeal and encouraging participation.
(1994). 9789282659021, The Commission. .
The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the .Melia, S. (2012). Filtered and unfiltered permeability: The European and Anglo-Saxon approaches. Project, 4.


Public transport

Trains
Groningen railway station (in Dutch: Hoofdstation) is the main railway station and has regular services to most of the major cities in the country. The city's remaining two railway stations are Europapark and Noord. Halte Groningen Europapark , Stationsweb. Retrieved on 25 May 2015. Station Groningen Noord , Stationweb. Retrieved 8 December 2015.

Groningen has six railway routes:

On those six routes, ten lines stop at:

  • Groningen – Groningen North – Sauwerd – Bedum – Stedum – Loppersum – Appingedam – Delfzijl West – Delfzijl
  • Groningen – Groningen North – Sauwerd – Winsum – Baflo – Warffum – Usquert – Uithuizen – Uithuizermeeden – Roodeschool – (Low Service) Eemshaven
  • Groningen – Zuidhorn – Grijpskerk – Buitenpost – De Westereen – Feanwâlden – Hurdegaryp – Leeuwarden Camminghaburen – Leewarden
  • Groningen – Buitenpost – Leewarden
  • Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Kropswolde – Martenshoek – Hoogezand-Sappemeer – Sappemeer oost – Zuidbroek – Veendam
  • Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Kropswolde – Martenshoek – Hoogezand-Sappemeer – Sappemeer oost – Zuidbroek – Scheemda – Winschoten – (lower service) Bad Nieuweschans – Weener (Due to a broken bridge, trains do not go on to Leer. Take a bus from Groningen or .)
  • Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Haren – Assen – Beilen – Hoogeveen – Meppel – Zwolle
  • Groningen – Assen – Zwolle – Amersfoort Centraal – Utrecht Centraal – Gouda – Rotterdam Alexander – Rotterdam Centraal
  • Groningen – Assen – Zwolle – Lelystad Centrum – Almere Centrum – Amsterdam South – Schiphol – Leiden Centraal – Den Haag Centraal / The Hague Centraal


Buses
Groningen has bus lines and Q-Link—a network of buses similar to a tram/metro network.
(2018). 9780128147856, Elsevier Science. .

City & Q-Link lines:

  • 1: Main Station – City Center – UMCG North – Station Groningen North – Zernike – P+R Reitdiep
  • 2: Groningen Europapark – UMCG Main Entrance – UMCG North – Station Groningen North – Zernike – Station Zuidhorn
  • 3: – P+R Kardingen – Main Station – P+R – Leek
  • 4: – P+R Kardingen – Main Station – P+R – Roden
  • 5: – P+R – UMCG Main Entrance – City Centre – Main Station – P+R Haren –
  • 6: P+R Haren – Main Station – UMCG Main Entrance –
  • 7: De Wijert – Main Station – Westerhaven – Vinkhuizen – Paddepoel – Station Groningen North
  • 8: P+R – Westerhaven – Main Station -Groningen Europapark – Corpus den Hoorn – Martini hospital – P+R
  • 9: – Martini hospital – Corpus den Hoorn – De Wijert – Main Station – Westerhaven – Paddepoel – Station Groningen North or Zernike
  • 10: Corpus den Hoorn – Martini hospital – Main Station – Korrewegwijk – Station Groningen North
  • 15: Main Station – Paddepoel – Zernike
  • 18: P+R – Vinkhuizen – Paddepoel – Zernike

Q-Liner lines:

Night lines:

Regional lines:

Other lines:

Direct bus routes from Groningen to , , , and are also available.


Motorways
The A28 motorway connects Groningen to Utrecht (via , and ).
(2017). 9780241451908, Dorling Kindersley Limited. .
The A7 motorway connects it to and (West), and and Leer (East).
(1989). 9789061919803, CRC Press. .


Airport
Groningen Airport Eelde is an international airport located near , in , with scheduled services to , , , , and .


Notable people
  • Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603–1659), explorer, seafarer, merchant for the Dutch East India Company
  • Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt (1776–1835), lieutenant-general at the Battle of Waterloo
  • Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899), soldier, first validated supercentenarian
  • Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926), physicist, Nobel laureate
  • Dirk Jan de Geer (1870–1960), statesman and Dutch Prime Minister (1926–29, 1939–40), advocated peace settlement between the Netherlands and in 1940
  • (1871–1947), botanist and geneticist
  • A. W. L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer (1888–1978), last colonial Governor-General of the Netherlands East Indies
  • (1895–1943), Jewish magician
  • (1903–1983), lawyer and collaborator, active in far-right politics after WWII
  • Esmée van Eeghen (1918–1944), member executed by the Nazis in Paddepoel, Noorddijk
  • (born 1953), United States ambassador to the Netherlands, former Republican member of Congress representing Michigan's 2nd congressional district
  • (born 1967), bronze medalist at 1988 Winter Olympics
  • (1919–1945), Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis near Glimmen
  • (born 1986), cyclist
  • (born 1985), model
  • (born 1985), internet entrepreneur
  • (1942-2022), New Zealand Art Historian
  • (1871–1947), botanist and geneticist
  • Luciano Valente (born 2003), professional footballer
  • , music producers
  • , DJ and music producer duo


See also
  • Sint Geertruidsgasthuis, a in Groningen


Bibliography


External links

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