A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland
Evolution
It is hard to find a common origin for gonads, but gonads most likely evolved independently several times.
Regulation
The gonads are controlled by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), produced and secreted by gonadotropes or gonadotrophins in the anterior pituitary gland.
This secretion is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) produced in the
hypothalamus.
Development
The gonads develop from three sources; the mesothelium, underlying mesenchyme and the primordial germ cells. Gonads start developing as a common primordium (an organ in the earliest stage of development), in the form of
,
at the sixth week, which are only later differentiated to male or female
(except when they are not differentiated). The presence of the
SRY gene,
located on the short arm of the
Y chromosome and encoding the testis determining factor, usually determines male sexual differentiation. In the absence of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome, usually the female sex (ovaries instead of testes) will develop. The development of the gonads is a part of the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
Disease
The gonads are subject to many diseases, such as
hypergonadism,
hypogonadism,
agonadism, tumors, and cancer, among others.
Aging
Ovarian aging
A delay in having children is common in the developed world and this delay is often associated with ovarian female infertility and subfertility. Ovarian aging is characterized by progressive decline of the quality and number of
.
This decline is likely due, in part, to reduced expression of genes that encode proteins necessary for
DNA repair and
meiosis.
Such reduced expression can lead to increased DNA damage and errors in meiotic recombination.
[
]
Testicular aging
The testes of older men often have sperm abnormalities that can ultimately lead to male infertility.[ These abnormalities include accumulation of DNA damage and decreased DNA repair ability.]
See also
-
Gonadosomatic index
-
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
