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Gomer ( Gōmer; ) was the eldest son of Japheth (and of the Japhetic line), and father of Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah, according to the "Table of Nations" in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 10).
The Gomer, "standing for the whole family," as the compilers of The Jewish Encyclopedia expressed it, is also mentioned in Book of Ezekiel 38:6 as the ally of Gog, the chief of the land of Magog.
The Hebrew name Gomer refers to the Cimmerians, who dwelt in Pontic–Caspian steppe, "beyond the Caucasus",, p. 425 and attacked Assyria in the late 7th century BC. The Assyrians called them Gimmerai; the Cimmerian king Teushpa was defeated by Assarhaddon of Assyria sometime between 681 and 668 BC.Barry Cunliffe (ed.), The Oxford History of Prehistoric Europe (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 381–382.
According to tractate Yoma, in the Talmud, Gomer is identified as "Germamya". Yoma 10a
The Muslim historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari () recounts a Persian tradition that Gomer lived to the age of 1000, noting that this record equalled that of Nimrod, but was unsurpassed by anyone else mentioned in the Torah.Tabari, Prophets and Patriarchs (Vol. 2 of History of the Prophets and Kings)
The Cimbri were a tribe settled on Jutland peninsula in Germania (now Denmark) , who were variously identified in ancient times as Cimmerian, Germanic or Celtic. In later times, some scholars connected them with the Welsh people, and descendants of Gomer. Among the first authors to identify Gomer, the Cimmerians, and Cimbri, with the Welsh name for themselves, Cymri, was the English antiquarian William Camden in his Britannia (first published in 1586). Camden's Britannia, I.17,19. In his 1716 book Drych y Prif Oesoedd, Wales historian Theophilus Evans also posited that the Welsh were descended from the Cimmerians and from Gomer;Lloyd, p. 191 this was followed by a number of later writers of the 18th and 19th centuries. University of Wales Dictionary, vol. II, p. 1485, Gomeriad. The editors note the false etymology.
This etymology is considered false by modern Celtic linguists, who follow the etymology proposed by Johann Kaspar Zeuss in 1853, which derives Cymry from the Brythonic word * Combrogos ("fellow countryman").Lloyd, p. 192 University of Wales Dictionary, vol. I, p. 770. The name Gomer (as in the pen-name of 19th century editor and author Joseph Harris, for instance) and its (modern) Welsh derivatives, such as Gomeraeg (as an alternative name for the Welsh language) University of Wales Dictionary, vol. II, p. 1485. became fashionable for a time in Wales, but the Gomerian theory itself has long since been discredited as an antiquarian hypothesis with no historical or linguistic validity.See, for instance: Piggot, pp. 132, 172.
In 1498 Annio da Viterbo published fragments known as Pseudo-Berossus, now considered a forgery, claiming that Babylonian records had shown that Comerus Gallus, i.e. Gomer son of Japheth, had first settled in Comera (now Italy) in the 10th year of Nimrod following the dispersion of peoples. In addition, Tuiscon, whom Pseudo-Berossus calls the fourth son of Noah, and says ruled first in Germany/Scythia, was identified by later historians (e.g. Johannes Aventinus) as none other than Ashkenaz, Gomer's son.
Children of Ashkenaz were originally identified with the (Assyrian Ishkuza), then after the 11th century, with Germany.Kraus, S. (1932), "Hashemot 'ashkenaz usefarad", Tarbiẕ 3:423–435Kriwaczek, Paul (2005). Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Ancient Armenians and Georgian people chronicles lists Togarmah as the ancestor of both people who originally inhabited the land between two Black Sea and and between two inaccessible mountains, Mount Elbrus and Mount Ararat respectively.
According to Khazar records, Togarmah is regarded as the ancestor of the Turkic-speaking peoples.Omeljan Pritsak & Norman Golb: Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century, Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.
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