Gibraltarians (Spanish language: gibraltareños, colloquially: llanitos) are a sub-national group who live in Gibraltar, a British overseas territory situated near the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, close to Spain, at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. Gibraltarians hold British citizenship.
Origins
Some Gibraltarians are an ethnic and cultural mixture of the many immigrants who came to the Rock of Gibraltar over 300 years. Following its capture from Spain by an Anglo-Dutch force in 1704, all but 70
of the existing inhabitants of Gibraltar elected to leave
with many settling nearby. Since then, immigrants from the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy,
Malta,
Portugal,
Morocco,
Menorca, and
India have settled at Gibraltar, as have
Sephardic Jews from
North Africa.
Genoa and Catalans (who arrived in the fleet with Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt) became the core of Gibraltar's first civilian population under Habsburg Gibraltar. Sephardi Jews from Tetouan in Morocco, who had previously been suppliers to English Tangier, began supplying fresh produce to Gibraltar in 1704. Most Gibraltarian surnames are of Mediterranean or British extraction. The exact breakdown (including non-Gibraltarian British residents) of Surname according to the electoral register according to the 1995 Census was as follows:
Jews in Gibraltar by 1755 together with the Genoese in Gibraltar formed 50% of the civilian population (then 1,300). In 1888 construction of the new harbour at Gibraltar began to provide an additional coaling station on the British routes to the East. This resulted in the importation of Maltese people labour both to assist in its construction, and to replace striking Genoese labour in the old coaling lighter-based industry. Maltese and Portuguese people formed the majority of this new population.
Other groups include (due to the links between both British possessions during the 18th century; immigration began in that century and continued even after Menorca was returned to Spain in 1802 by the Treaty of Amiens),
Immigration from Spain (including refugees from the Spanish Civil War) and intermarriage with Spaniards from the surrounding Spanish towns was a constant feature of Gibraltar's history until General Francisco Franco closed the border with Gibraltar, cutting off many Gibraltarians from their relatives on the Spanish side of the border. The Spanish government reopened the land border, but other restrictions remain in place.
For the period of World War II the border was closed, although Spain was nominally neutral, as Franco's regime was effectively allied with Nazi Germany.
Genoese/Italian surnames
Research by Fiorenzo Toso in 2000 about the names of Gibraltarian families of Genoese origins found that most of the emigration from the Italian region
Liguria was from the areas of
Genoa and
Savona, and some surnames such as Caruana, often believed to be
Malta, originate from Sicilians who emigrated to Malta during the Italian
Renaissance).
[ Research on Genoese surnames in Gibraltar (in Italian)]
The following are the most common Genoese surnames in Gibraltar, according to Toso's research. The number of Gibraltarian residents who have these surnames, according to Gibraltar's Yellow Pages are provided in parentheses.
-
Parody (45), Baglietto (45), Danino (33), Olivero (50), Robba (32), Montegriffo (34), Chipolina (25),
[ History of the Chipulina family in Gibraltar] Ferrary (35), Ramagge (24), Picardo (6), Isola (24), Canepa (12), Cavilla (14) and Bossano (15).
Maltese surnames
By 1912, the total number of Maltese living in Gibraltar was not above 700. Many worked in the
dockyard and others operated businesses which were usually ancillary to the dockyard. However, the economy of Gibraltar was not capable of absorbing a large number of immigrants from Malta; the number of Maltese was already in decline as they returned to the
Malta. Eventually those who stayed in Gibraltar became very much involved in the economic and social life of the colony, most of them also being staunch supporters of links with the UK.
Below is a list of the most common Maltese surnames in Gibraltar along with the current number of Gibraltarians who possess them.
-
Azzopardi (22), Barbara (12), Borg (46), Bugeja (11), Buhagiar (14), Buttigieg (18), Zammit (37).
Nationality
Gibraltarians are
, albeit with a distinct identity of their own. Gibraltar is sometimes referred by the younger generation as "Gib" (/dʒɨb/). They are colloquially referred to as Llanitos (or Yanitos),
both locally and in Spain.
There are also other nicknames in English for Gibraltar, relating to the Rock of Gibraltar.
2012 census
Statistics for the usually-Resident Population and Persons Present in Gibraltar.
A usual resident of Gibraltar, for census purposes, is anyone who, on 12 November 2012:
(a) was in Gibraltar and had stayed or intended to stay in Gibraltar for a period of 12 months or more, or;
(b) has a permanent Gibraltar address but is outside Gibraltar and intends to be outside Gibraltar for less than 12 months.
- (*) Includes all nationalities different from Gibraltarian, UK and other British and Moroccan.
The 2012 census showed a total Usually-Resident population of 32,194. There was a small decrease in the proportion of Gibraltarians (79.0%), an increase in the ratio of "Other British" (13.2%) and a small increase in the ratio of "Other" (6.2%).
Culture
Religion
The main religion of Gibraltar is Christianity with the majority of Gibraltarians belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. Other Christian denominations include the Church of England, the Gibraltar Methodist Church,
the Church of Scotland, various
Pentecostal and independent churches mostly influenced by the
House Church and Charismatic movements, as well as a Plymouth Brethren congregation. There is also a ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Jehovah's Witnesses. There are a number of
Hindu Indians, a Moroccan
Muslim population, members of the Baháʼí Faith
and a long-established Jewish community.
|
|
| 78.09% |
| 6.98% |
| 4.01% |
| 3.21% |
| 2.86% |
| 2.12% |
| 1.79% |
| 0.94% |
Languages
English (used in schools and for official purposes) and Spanish are the main languages of Gibraltar. Although English is the official language, Gibraltarians are typically bilingual, speaking Spanish as fluently as English.
Most Gibraltarians converse in
Llanito, Gibraltar's
vernacular. It is an old dialect of Andalusian Spanish with modern
British English influence, as well as influences from
Genoese dialect Ligurian,
Maltese language, Portuguese and
Haketia. Gibraltarians may also
code-switching to English.
Hebrew language is spoken by the significant Jewish community.
Arabic language is also spoken by the Moroccan community, similar to
Hindi and
Sindhi language being spoken by the Indian community of Gibraltar.
Maltese language is still spoken by some families of Maltese descent.
Gibraltarians have a light, but unique, accent when speaking English; the accent is primarily influenced by Andalusian Spanish and southern British English. Many educated Gibraltarians are able to converse in Received Pronunciation.
Notable Gibraltarians
File:Freedom of the City - Kaiane Aldorino - September 2011 (cropped).jpg|Kaiane Aldorino
File:Gustavo Bacarisas y Podesta.jpg|Gustavo Bacarisas
File:Joebossano.jpg|Joe Bossano
File:Adolfo Canepa 2013.jpg|Adolfo Canepa
File:Peter Caruana portrait.jpg|Peter Caruana
File:Anthony Dudley.jpg|Anthony Dudley
File:Clive Finlayson portrait.jpg|Clive Finlayson
File:Gibraltar - 300 años de Utrecht 13.7.2013 33 (9292015500) (2)-2.jpg|Geraldine Finlayson
File:Joseph Garcia portrait.jpg|Joseph Garcia
File:Joshua Hassan.jpg|Joshua Hassan
File:Alfred Holmes.jpg|Alfred Holmes
File:Paul Isola.JPG|Paul Isola
File:Sol levy mayor.jpg|Solomon Levy
File:Anthony Lima portrait.jpg|Anthony Lima
File:Maroua Kharbouch during the tercentenary commemoration of the Treaty of Utrecht.jpg|Maroua Kharbouch
File:Steven Linares at the 2013 Gibraltar Music Festival.jpg|Steven Linares
File:Robert Peliza.jpg|Robert Peliza
File:Miss Gibraltar 07 Danielle Perez.jpg|Danielle Perez (beauty pageant winner)
File:Fabian Picardo in London (portrait).jpg|Fabian Picardo
File:Olga zammitt.jpg|Olga Zammitt
File:Eva Carneiro1 (cropped).jpg|Eva Carneiro
See also
-
List of Gibraltarians
-
Gibraltarians in the United Kingdom
-
History of the Genoese in Gibraltar
-
Gibraltarian status
-
Demographics of Gibraltar
-
History of nationality in Gibraltar
