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Gero I ( 900 – 20 May 965), sometimes called the Great (),Thompson, 486. Also see Lexikon des Mittelalters. was a nobleman from East Francia who ruled an initially modest march centred on Merseburg in the south of the present Germany state of Saxony-Anhalt, which he expanded into a vast territory named after him: the marca Geronis.Thompson, 639–640. Marca is also spelled marcha. His title in Lang, 625, is "Count of the East March." During the mid-10th century, he was the leader of the Saxon Ostsiedlung.
During the insurrection of his opponents, Gero had been prosecuting a losing war against the Slavs in 937–938. The losses his troops sustained could not be made up for by the produce of the land nor by tribute, since the Slavs refused to pay. As an important marcher lord, Gero's command included milites ad manum Geronis presidis conscripti, that is, a "military following," "warband of vassals or companions," or "specially chosen group of fighters" differentiated from the rest of the army ( exercitus).Leyser, "Henry I," 13. These men formed the elite of Gero's troops.
In 954, while Gero was away, the Ukrani (or Ucri) revolted, but Gero returned with Conrad the Red and pacified them.
In 955, some Saxon counts rebelled and were banished by Duke Herman. They found refuge in Swetlastrana, a Slav town, location unknown (maybe current Berlin-Lichtenberg), where the Obodrite chiefs Nakon and Stoinegin (or Stojgnev) resided. There Herman besieged them until an agreement was reached, but an ensuing skirmish spoiled the peace. The Obodrites, Wilzes, Chrepienyani, Redarii and Dolenzi then banded together to oppose the coming army of Gero, the king, and Liudolf, Duke of Swabia. After negotiations failed because of the Germans' harsh terms, the Slavs were defeated in battle on the Drosa.Howorth, 219.
Gero participated in general Saxon campaigns against the Slavs in 957, 959, and 960, as well as campaigning against the Wends and forcing Mieszko I of the Polans to pay tribute, grant land lien, and recognise German sovereignty during Otto's absence in Italy (962–963).Timothy Reuter, 164. Howorth, 226. Lusatia, according to Widukind, was subjected "to the last degree of servitude".Leyser, "Ottonian," 740. Gero was responsible for subjecting the Liutizi and Milceni (or Milciani) and extending German suzerainty over the whole territory between the Elbe and the Bober. In these lands, the native Slavic populace was reduced to serfdom and "tribute-paying peoples" were converted into "census-paying peasants".Bernhardt, 38.
Gero's second son, Gero II, had already died at that point. The name of Gero's wife has to be hypothesised from libri memoriales: it was either Judith (Iudita) or Thietsuuind (Thietswind).
After his death, the huge territory he had conquered was divided by Emperor Otto II into several different marches: the Northern March (under Dietrich of Haldensleben), the Eastern March (under Odo I), the March of Meissen (under Wigbert), the March of Merseburg (under Günther) and the March of Zeitz (under Wigger I). Later the Northern March was subdivided into the marches of Landsberg, Lusatia and Brandenburg.
The division of Gero's "super-march" probably had something to do with its immense size and the political consideration of trying to please many without making enemies.Timothy Reuter, 160. The subdivisions into which it was divided, however, were natural. As early as 963, Lusatia—and even upper and lower Lusatia—and the Ostmark were distinguishable as governable provinces within Gero's march.
Relationship with Church and family
Gero had a close relationship to Otto I. Otto was godfather to Gero's eldest son, Siegfried, and he granted Siegfried the villae of Egeln and Westeregeln in the Schwabengau in 941.Leyser, "Henry I," 27. As an act of devotion, Gero made a pilgrimage to Rome in 959 after Siegfried's death.Leyser, "Henry I," 147. In Siegfried's name, in 960, he also founded a Romanesque collegiate church, St Cyriakus, and the Gernrode Abbey, in a forest named after him, Geronisrode (Gernrode), and left a large part of his great wealth to it on his death.Timothy Reuter, 241. The church and abbey were dedicated to St. Cyriacus, and the abbey was a convent, housing nuns and canonesses.Bernhardt, 176 and n243.
Death and division of territory
At his death, Gero's march extended as far as the Neisse river. He was not popular with the Saxon nobility of his day, because he had a strong sense of moral rectitude and was of low birth.Thompson, 487. Nonetheless, he became celebrated in the Nibelungenlied as the marcgrâve Gêre, though it has been disputed whether he was ever officially accorded that title.Dvornik, 138. Thompson, 486. He is referred to as ducis et marchionis nostri by Otto I in a charter dated 9 May 946, though Widukind only ever refers to him as comes or praeses. Gero's tomb can still be seen in Gernrode today. A decorative painting was added to it c. 1350. It depicts Gero standing over a vanquished Wend.Jakubowska, 64 n16.
See also
Sources
The primary chronicle sources for Gero's life are those of Widukind of Corvey and Thietmar of Merseburg, on which most of the work in the secondary sources is based.
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