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The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (, abbreviated as Fretilin) is a centre-left political party and former national liberation movement in Timor-Leste. It presently holds 19 of 65 seats in the National Parliament. Fretilin formed the government in East Timor until its independence in 2002. It obtained the presidency in 2017 under Francisco Guterres but lost in the 2022 East Timorese presidential election.
Fretilin began as a resistance movement that fought for the independence of East Timor from Portuguese Timor in 1974 and proceeded to resist the Indonesian occupation of East Timor until 1999. Upon gaining her total independence in 2002, Fretilin became one of several political party competing for power in a multi-party system.
Fretilin formally declared East Timor's independence from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and inaugurated an 18-member cabinet with members of the Fretilin Central Committee with Francisco Xavier do Amaral as president and Nicolau dos Reis Lobato as both vice president and prime minister.
Fretilin came under enormous pressure in the late 1970s. From September 1977 to February 1979, only three of the 52 members of Fretilin's Central Committee survived.
Between March 1981 and April 1984, Fretilin was known as Partido Marxista–Leninista Fretilin (PMLF), and Marxism-Leninism was officially declared the party's ideology. The name was changed back in 1984; furthermore, its revolutionary politics was abandoned in order to further national unity and acquire the support of the UDT and the Catholic Church.
In the June 2007 parliamentary election, Fretilin again took first place, but with a greatly reduced 29% of the vote and 21 seats. "National Provisional Results from the 30 June 2007 Parliamentary Elections" , Comissão Nacional de Eleições Timor-Leste, 9 July 2007. In the election, it faced a challenge from the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT), led by former president Xanana Gusmão, which placed second. Although Fretilin did not win a majority of seats, its Secretary-General, Mari Alkatiri, spoke of forming a minority government. The party formed a national unity government which included the CNRT, a collaboration that they had previously rejected.
However, subsequent talks between the parties were unsuccessful in reaching an agreement on a government. After weeks of dispute between the CNRT-led coalition and Fretilin over who should form the government, José Ramos-Horta announced on 6 August that the CNRT-led coalition would form the government and that Gusmão would become prime minister. Fretilin denounced Ramos Horta's decision as unconstitutional, and angry Fretilin supporters in Dili immediately reacted to Ramos-Horta's announcement with violent protests.Lindsay Murdoch, "Violence greets Horta's PM decision", smh.com.au, 6 August 2007. Alkatiri said that the party would fight the decision through legal means and would encourage people to protest and practice civil disobedience.Lindsay Murdoch, "Fretilin threatens 'people-power' coup", theage.com.au, 9 August 2007. A few days later, Fretilin Vice-president Arsénio Bano said that the party would not challenge the government in court, and expressed a desire for a "political solution" leading to the creation of a national unity government. "Planned challenge to E Timor Govt dropped", AFP (abc.net.au), 15 August 2007.
Francisco Guterres of Fretilin served as president of East Timor from 2017 to 2022. Guterres sought re-election to a second term in 2022, but lost to José Ramos-Horta. The CNRT was in power from 2007 to 2017, but Fretilin Secretary-General Mari Alkatiri formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election. However, his new minority government soon fell, resulting in a second general election in May 2018, which the CNRT won as part of the 2017–2020 coalition called the Alliance for Change and Progress (AMP).
(2026). 9781412806695, Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412806695 The two men fell out as the pressures from the occupation escalated, and in September 1977 Lobato had do Amaral arrested for "high treason". (2026). 9781412806695, Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412806695 On 31 December 1978, Lobato, do Amaral's successor as president, was killed by the Indonesian forces. (2026). 9781412806695, Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412806695 He was succeeded by António Duarte Carvarino, who served until he was also tracked down and executed by Indonesian forces on 2 February 1979.
Recuperation and national unity
Fretilin survived despite the military collapse, and was slowly rebuilt under the relatively moderate and nationalist leadership of Xanana Gusmão. (2026). 9781412806695, Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412806695
(2026). 9781412806695, Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412806695 These pages refer to part 5 of Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in Timor-Leste, which is included in Kiernan's book.
History since independence
In the first elections, held in 2001, the year before independence, Fretilin polled 57.4% of the vote and took 55 seats in the 88-seat Assembly. While this gave the party a working majority, it fell short of the two-thirds majority it had hoped for to dictate the drafting of a national constitution.
Election results
Presidential elections
2007 Francisco Guterres 112,666 27.89% 127,342 30.82% Lost 2012 133,635 28.76% 174,408 38.77% Lost 2017 295,048 57.08% Won 2022 144,282 22.13% 242,939 37.90% Lost
Legislative elections
See also
Categories: Political Parties In Timor-leste, East Timorese Nationalism, Indonesian Occupation Of East Timor, Democratic Socialist Parties In Asia, Left-wing Nationalist Parties, Progressive Alliance, Former Member Parties Of The Socialist International, 1970s Establishments In East Timor, 1974 Establishments In Southeast Asia, Political Parties Established In 1974, 1970s In Portuguese Timor, National Liberation Movements, Rebel Groups In Indonesia, Separatism In Indonesia
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