Faiyum ( ; , ) is a city in Middle Egypt. Located southwest of Cairo, in the Faiyum Oasis, it is the capital of the modern Faiyum Governorate. It is one of Egypt's oldest cities due to its strategic location.
Name and etymology
Originally founded by the ancient Egyptians as Shedet, its current name in English is also spelled as Fayum, Faiyum or al-Faiyūm. Faiyum was also previously officially named Madīnat al-Faiyūm (Arabic language for The City of Faiyum). The name Faiyum (and its spelling variations) may also refer to the Faiyum Oasis, although it is commonly used by Egyptians today to refer to the city.
The modern name of the city comes from Coptic language / (whence also the personal name ), meaning the Sea or the Lake, which in turn comes from late Egyptian pꜣ-ym of the same meaning, a reference to the nearby Lake Moeris; the extinct elephant ancestor Phiomia was named after it.
Ancient history
Archaeological evidence has found occupations around the Faiyum dating back to at least the
Epipalaeolithic. Middle
Holocene occupations of the area are most widely studied on the north shore of
Lake Moeris, where Gertrude Caton Thompson and Elinor Wight Gardner did a number of excavations of Epipalaeolithic and
Neolithic sites, as well as a general survey of the area.
Recently the area has been further investigated by a team from the UCLA/RUG/UOA Fayum Project.
According to Roger S. Bagnall, habitation began in the fifth millennium BC and a settlement was established by the Old Kingdom (–2180 BC) called Shedet (Medinet el-Fayyum).
Under the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the city was called Ptolemais Euergétis ()
Under the Roman Empire, Arsinoë became part of the Roman province of Arcadia Aegypti. To distinguish it from other cities of the same name, it was called "Arsinoë in Arcadia".
With the arrival of Christianity, Arsinoë became the seat of a bishopric, a suffragan of Oxyrhynchus, the capital of the province and the metropolitan see. Michel Le Quien gives the names of several bishops of Arsinoë, nearly all of them associated with one heresy or another.[, Vol. II, coll. 581-584]
The Catholic Church, considering Arsinoë in Arcadia to be no longer a residential bishopric, lists it as a titular see.[ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ), p. 840]
Fayyum was the seat of Shahralanyozan, governor of the Sasanian Egypt (619–629).
The 10th-century Bible exegete, Saadia Gaon, thought el-Fayyum to have actually been the biblical city of Pithom, mentioned in Exodus 1:11.[Saadia Gaon, Tafsir (Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch), Exodus 1:11; Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Torah (ed. Yosef Qafih), Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1984, p. 63 (Exodus 1:11) (Hebrew)]
Around 1245 CE, the region became the subject of the most detailed government survey to survive from the medieval Arab world, conducted by Abū ‘Amr ‘Uthman Ibn al-Nābulusī.[ The 'Villages of the Fayyum': A Thirteenth-Century Register of Rural, Islamic Egypt, ed. and trans. by Yossef Rapoport and Ido Shahar, The Medieval Countryside, 18 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2018), p. 3.]
Faiyum mummy portraits
Faiyum is the source of some famous
or
mummy portraits painted during the
Roman Empire occupation of the area. The Egyptians continued their practice of burying their dead, despite the Roman preference for
cremation. While under the control of the Roman Empire, Egyptian death masks were painted on wood in a pigmented
wax technique called encaustic—the Faiyum mummy portraits represent this technique.
While previously believed to represent Greek settlers in Egypt,
[ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Egyptian art and architecture - Greco-Roman Egypt accessed on January 16, 2007] modern studies conclude that the Faiyum portraits instead represent mainly native Egyptians (source needed), reflecting the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the elite Greek minority in the city.
[Bagnall, R.S. in Susan Walker, ed. Ancient Faces : Mummy Portraits in Roman Egypt (Metropolitan Museum of Art Publications). New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 27][Riggs, C. The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion Oxford University Press (2005).][Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 184. Addison Wesley, : " But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted ... So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities ... And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfil numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist."]
The Zenon Papyri
The construction of the settlement of
Philadelphia under Ptolemy II Philadelphus was recorded in detail by a 3rd-century BC Greek public official named Zeno (or Zenon, ). Zeno, a native of
Kaunos in lower
Anatolia, came to Faiyum to work as private secretary to Apollonius, the finance minister to Ptolemy II Philadelphus (and later to Ptolemy III Euergetes). During his employment, Zeno wrote detailed descriptions of the construction of theatres, gymnasiums, palaces and baths in the 250s and 240s BC, as well as making copious written records of various legal and financial transactions between citizens.
During the winter of 1914–1915, a cache of over 2,000 papyrus documents was uncovered by Egyptian agricultural labourers who were digging for sebakh near Kôm el-Kharaba el-Kebir. Upon examination by Egyptology scholars, these documents were found to be records written by Zeno in Ancient Greek and Demotic. These papyri, now referred to as the Zenon Archive or the Zenon Papyri, have provided historians with a detailed record of 3rd-century BC Philadelphia society and economy.[ About the Zenon Papyri - University of Michigan.] The discovery site was identified as the former location of ancient Philadelphia. Today, the precise location of the town is unknown, although archaeologists have identified two sites in north-east Faiyum as the possible location for Philadelphia.
Modern city
Faiyum has several large bazaars,
,
[ The Mosque of Qaitbey in the Fayoum of Egypt by Seif Kamel] baths and a much-frequented weekly market.
The canal called
Bahr Yussef runs through the city, its banks lined with houses. There are two bridges over the river: one of three arches, which carries the main street and bazaar, and one of two arches, over which is built the
Qaitbay mosque,
a gift from his wife to honor the Mamluk Sultan in Fayoum. Mounds north of the city mark the site of Arsinoe, known to the
Ancient Greece as Crocodilopolis, where in ancient times the sacred
crocodile kept in
Lake Moeris was worshipped.
The center of the city is on the canal, with four waterwheels which were adopted by the governorate of Fayoum as its symbol; their chariots and bazaars are easy to spot. The city is home of the football club Misr Lel Makkasa SC, that play in the Egyptian Second Division.
Main sights
-
The population of Faiyum Governorate is 4,164,914.
-
The Hanging Mosque, built when the Ottomans ruled Egypt by prince Marawan bin Hatem
-
Hawara, an archeological site from the city
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Lahun Pyramids, outside the city
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Qaitbay Mosque, in the city; built by the wife of the Mamluk Sultan Qaitbay
-
Qasr Qarun, from the city
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Wadi Elrayan or Wadi Rayan, the largest waterfalls in Egypt, around from the city
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Wadi Al-Hitan or Valley of whales, a paleontological site in the Al Fayyum Governorate, some southwest of Cairo. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Climate
The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).
The highest record temperatures was on June 13, 1965, and the lowest record temperature was on January 8, 1966.
Notable people
People from Faiyum may be known as al-Fayyumi:
-
Tefta Tashko-Koço (1910-1947), well-known Albanians singer, was born in Faiyum, where her family lived at that time.
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Saadia Gaon (882/892-942), the influential Jewish teacher of the early 10th century, was originally from Faiyum and often called al-Fayyumi.
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Youssef Wahbi (1898-1982), a notable Egyptian actor, well known for his influence on the development of Egyptian cinema and theater.
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Mohamed Ihab (b. 1989), Egypt's most decorated weightlifter. He is a World Champion competing in the 77 kg category until 2018 and currently in the 81 kg class.
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Mariam Fakhr Eddine (1933-2014), An Egyptian actress born in Fayoum, she was nicknamed "The Screen Beauty" for her foreign features. She appeared in over 240 films and passed away on November 3, 2014, due to a heart attack.
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Pope John XVIII of Alexandria (1769-1796), Pope John XVIII was born in Fayoum, Egypt Eyalet. His lay name was Joseph. He became a monk in the Monastery of Saint Anthony.
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Magdy Atwa (b. 1983), An Egyptians football midfielder. He currently plays for Al-Sekka Al-Hadid.
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Sayed Moawad (b. 1979), An Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a left-back. Moawad represented Al Ahly in FIFA Club World Cup three times in 2008, 2012 and 2014.
== Gallery ==
(Arabic: وادي الحيتان, ‘Whale Valley’) near the city of Faiyum]]
See also
Notes
External links
