Ethosuximide

 ( Anticonvulsants ) 

It may elevate serum phenytoin levels.

In March 1989, Coulter, Huguenard and Prince showed that ethosuximide and dimethadione, both effective anti-absence agents, reduced low-threshold calcium electric current in T-type calcium channels in freshly removed Thalamus . In June of that same year, they also found the mechanism of this reduction to be voltage-dependent, using acutely dissociated neurons of rats and guinea pigs; it was also noted that Valproate, which is also used in absence seizures, did not do that. The next year, they showed that anticonvulsant succinimides did this and that the Convulsant ones did not. The first part was supported by Platon Kostyuk et al. in 1992, who reported a substantial reduction in current in dorsal root ganglion at concentrations ranging from 7 μmol/L to 1 mmol/L.

That same year, however, Herrington and Lingle found no such effect at concentrations of up to 2.5 mmol/L. The year after, a study conducted on human neocortex cells removed during surgery for intractable epilepsy, the first to use human tissue, found that ethosuximide had no effect on Ca²⁺ currents at the concentrations typically needed for a therapeutic effect.

In 1998, Slobodan M. Todorovic and Christopher J. Lingle of Washington University reported a 100% block of T-type current in dorsal root ganglia at 23.7 ± 0.5 mmol/L, far higher than Kostyuk reported. That same year, Leresche et al. reported that ethosuximide had no effect on T-type currents, but did decrease noninactivating sodium current by 60% and the Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ currents by 39.1 ± 6.4% in rat and cat thalamocortical cells. It was concluded that the decrease in Na⁺ current is responsible for the anti-absence properties.

In the introduction of a paper published in 2001, Dr. Juan Carlos Gomora and colleagues at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville pointed out that past studies were often done in isolated neurons that had lost most of their T-type channels. Using cloned α₁G, α₁H, and α₁I T-type calcium channels, Gomora's team found that ethosuximide blocked the channels with an IC₅₀ of 12 ± 2 mmol/L and that of N-desmethylmethsuximide (the active metabolite of mesuximide) is 1.95 ± 0.19 mmol/L for α₁G, 1.82 ± 0.16 mmol/L for α₁I, and 3.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L for α₁H. It was suggested that the blockade of open channels is facilitated by ethosuximide's physically plugging the channels when current flows inward.

• Phensuximide
• Methsuximide