Ernest Ezra Mandel (; 5 April 1923 – 20 July 1995), also known by various pseudonyms such as Ernest Germain, Pierre Gousset, Henri Vallin, Walter, was a Belgian Marxian economist, Trotskyism activist and theorist, and Holocaust survivor. He fought in the underground resistance against the Nazis during the occupation of Belgium.
Life
Born in
Frankfurt, Mandel was recruited to the
Belgium section of the international
Trotskyism movement, the Fourth International, in his youth in
Antwerp. His parents, Henri and Rosa Mandel, were
Jewish emigres from
Poland,
[ The Legacy of Ernest Mandel] the former a member of
Rosa Luxemburg's and
Karl Liebknecht's Spartacist League. The beginning of Mandel's period at university was interrupted when the
Nazi Germany occupying forces closed the university.
During World War II, while still a teenager, he joined the Belgian Trotskyist organisation alongside Abraham Leon and Martin Monath. He twice escaped after being arrested in the course of resistance activities, and survived imprisonment in the German concentration camp at Mittelbau-Dora. After the war, he became the youngest member of the Fourth International secretariat, alongside Michel Pablo and others. He gained respect as a prolific journalist with a clear and lively style, as an orthodox Marxist theoretician, and as a talented . He wrote for numerous media outlets in the 1940s and 1950s including Het Parool, Le Peuple, l'Observateur and Agence France-Presse. At the height of the Cold War, he publicly defended the merits of Marxism in debates with the Social Democracy and future Dutch premier Joop den Uyl.
His first wife was Gisela Scholtz (1935—1982), whom he met in 1965. His second wife was Anne Sprimont, whom he met after Gisela Scholtz's death.
Activity
After the 1946 World Congress of the Fourth International, Mandel was elected into the leadership of the International Secretariat of the Fourth International. In line with its policy, he joined the Belgian Socialist Party where he was a leader of a militant socialist tendency, becoming editor of the socialist newspaper
La Gauche (and writing for its
Flanders sister publication,
Links), a member of the economic studies commission of the General Federation of Belgian Labour and an associate of the Belgian
syndicalism André Renard. He and his comrades were expelled from the Socialist Party not long after the Belgian general strike of 1960–61 for opposing its coalition with the Christian Democrats and its acceptance of anti-
strike action legislation.
He was one of the main initiators of the 1963 reunification between the International Secretariat, which he led along with Michel Pablo, Pierre Frank and Livio Maitan, and the majority of the International Committee of the Fourth International, a public faction led by James Cannon's Socialist Workers Party that had withdrawn from the FI in 1953. The regroupment formed the reunified Fourth International (also known as the USFI or USec). Until his death in 1995, Mandel remained the most prominent leader and theoretician of both the USFI and of its Belgian section, the Revolutionary Workers' League.
Until the publication of his massive book Marxist Economic Theory in French in 1962, Mandel's Marxist articles were written mainly under a variety of pseudonyms and his activities as Fourth Internationalist were little known outside the left. After publishing Marxist Economic Theory, Mandel travelled to Cuba and worked closely with Che Guevara on economic planning, after Guevara (who was fluent in French) had read the new book and encouraged Mandel's interventions.
He resumed his university studies and graduated from what is now the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris in 1967. Only from 1968 did Mandel become well known as a public figure and Marxist politician, touring student campuses in Europe and America giving talks on socialism, imperialism and revolution.
Although officially barred from West Germany (and several other countries at various times, including the United States,
Mandel gained mainstream attention in the United States following the rejection of his visa by Attorney General John N. Mitchell against the suggestion of Secretary of State William P. Rogers in 1969.
In 1971, a Federal Court in New York voted to void Mitchell's decision, stating that the United States could not bar a visitor, but on 29 June 1972, the Supreme Court ruled in Kleindienst v. Mandel, 6 to 3, that Mitchell had acted within his job description in rejecting the visa.
In 1978, he delivered the Alfred Marshall Lectures at the University of Cambridge, on the topic of the Kondratiev waves.
Mandel campaigned on behalf of numerous dissident left-wing intellectuals suffering political repression, advocated for the cancellation of the Third World debt, and, in the Mikhail Gorbachev era, spearheaded a petition for the rehabilitation of the accused in the Moscow Trials of 1936–1938. When in his seventies, he travelled to Russia to defend his vision of democratic socialism and continued to support the idea of Revolution in the West until his death.[ The Marxist Case for Revolution Today]
Writings
In total, he published approximately 2,000 articles and around 30 books during his life in German, Dutch, French, English and other languages, which were in turn translated into many more languages. During the Second World War, he was one of the editors of the underground newspaper,
Het Vrije Woord. In addition, he edited or contributed to many books, maintained a voluminous correspondence, and was booked for speaking engagements worldwide. He considered it his mission to transmit the heritage of classical Marxist thought, deformed by the experience of
Stalinism and the
Cold War, to a new generation. And to a large extent he did influence a generation of scholars and activists in their understanding of important Marxist concepts. In his writings, perhaps most striking is the tension between
Creativity independent thinking and the desire for a strict adherence to
orthodox Marxism. Due to his commitment to socialist democracy, he has even been characterised as
Luxemburgism.
Death and legacy
Mandel died at his home in
Brussels in 1995 after suffering from a heart attack.
Mandel is probably best remembered for being a populariser of basic Marxist ideas, for his books on late capitalism and Kondratiev waves, and for his moral-intellectual leadership in the Trotskyist movement. Despite critics claiming that he was "too soft on Stalinism", Mandel remained a classic rather than a conservative Trotskyist: writing about the Soviet bureaucracy but also why capitalism had not suffered a death agony. His late capitalism was late in the sense of delayed rather than near-death. He still believed though that this system hadn't overcome its tendency to crises. A leading German Marxist, Elmar Altvater, stated that Mandel had done much for the survival of Marxism in the German Federal Republic.[Elmar Altvater & Jürgen Hoffmann, "The West German State Derivation Debate." Social Text, No. 24, 1990, pp. 134–155, at p. 134.]
Bibliography
Selected bibliography
-
Traité d'économie marxiste, 1962. ( Marxist Economic Theory, trans. Brian Pearce, 1968.)
-
Die EWG und die Konkurrenz Europa-Amerika, 1968. ( Europe versus America: Contradictions of Imperialism, trans. Martin Rossdale, 1970.)
-
La formation de la pensée économique de Karl Marx: de 1843 à la rédaction du "Capital", 1970. ( The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx, 1843 to Capital, trans. Brian Pearce, 1971.)
-
Decline of the Dollar: a Marxist view of the Monetary Crisis, 1972 (a collection of articles)
-
Der Spätkapitalismus, 1972. ( Late Capitalism, trans. Joris de Bres, 1975.)
-
"The Driving Forces of Imperialism" Paper submitted to the Bertrand Russell Centenary Symposium, Linz, Austria, 11 to 15 September 1972, published in Spheres of Influence in the Age of Imperialism (Ken Coates, ed, Nottingham 1972)
-
La Dialectique de la Croissiance, Mai, November 1972, pp. 7–14; Krisis in de ekonomiese theorie: lezingen en diskussies van het vesvu kongres vu-amsterdam (Nijmegen, 1973), pp. 55–76, VESVU-kongreskommissie (ed.);
-
Vervreemding en revolutionaire perspectieven, 1973.
-
The Marxist Theory of Alienation, 2nd ed, Ernest Mandel & George Novack, 1973
-
Why they invaded Czechoslovakia, 1974.
-
Review of Marcel Liebman's Leninism Under Lenin
-
Discussion with Bill Warren.
-
Introduction au marxisme, 1975. ( From class society to communism: an introduction to Marxism, trans. Louisa Sadler, 1977.)
-
La longue marche de la revolution, 1976 (a collection of articles)
-
Krise und Aufschwung der kapitalistischen Weltwirtschaft 1974–1977, 1977. ( The second slump: a Marxist analysis of recession in the seventies, trans. Jon Rothschild, 1978.)
-
Critique de l'eurocommunisme, 1978. ( From Stalinism to Eurocommunism, trans. Jon Rothschild, 1978.)
-
De la Commune à Mai 68: Histoire du mouvement ouvrier international, 1978 (articles)
-
Long Waves of Capitalist Development, 1978.
-
De la bureaucratie, Editions la Brèche, 1978 ("What is the bureaucracy?". In: Tariq Ali (ed.), The Stalinist Legacy. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984, pp. 60–94).
-
Revolutionäre Strategien im 20. Jahrhundert : politische Essays, trans. and ed. Gisela Mandel, 1978.
-
Revolutionary Marxism Today, ed. by Jon Rothschild, 1979 (based on interviews and discussions)
-
Réponse à Louis Althusser et Jean Elleinstein, 1979.
-
Trotsky: A Study in the Dynamic of his Thought, 1979.
-
Offener Marxismus: ein Gespräch über Dogmen, Orthodoxie und die Häresien der Realität, 1980 (with Johannes Agnoli)
-
La crise 1974–1982: les faits, leur interprétation marxiste, 1982.
-
Karl Marx: die Aktualität seines Werkes, ed. Willy Boepple, 1984.
-
Delightful Murder: A Social History of the Crime Story, 1985.
-
The meaning of the Second World War, 1986.
-
Pdf.
-
Cash Crash & Crisis: Profitboom, Börsenkrach und Wirtschaftskrise, 1989
-
Où va l'URSS de Gorbatchev, 1989. ( Beyond Perestroika: the future of Gorbachev's USSR, trans. Gus Fagan, 1989.)
-
Octobre 1917 – coup d'État ou révolution sociale?, 1992. ( October 1917: Coup d'état or Social Revolution?, trans. by Penny Duggan and Steve Bloom, 1992.)
-
Trotzki als Alternative, 1992. ( Trotsky as Alternative, trans. Gus Fagan, 1992.)
-
Kontroversen um "Das Kapital", trans. Alfred Kosing, 1992 (taken from Mandel's introduction to Marx's Capital)
-
The Place of Marxism in History, 1994,
-
Power and Money: A Marxist Theory of Bureaucracy, 1994.
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Revolutionary Marxism and Social Reality in the 20th Century: Collected Essays, ed. Stephen Bloom, 1994.
Books he (co-)edited
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50 Years of World Revolution 1917–1967: an International Symposium, 1968
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Arbeiterkontrolle, Arbeiterräte, Arbeiterselbstverwaltung, 1971
-
Ricardo, Marx, Sraffa: the Langston Memorial Volume, 1984
-
New Findings in Long-Wave Research, 1992
See also
Sources
- :Published in English as:
-
Manuel Kellner: Against Capitalism and Bureaucracy. Ernest Mandel’s Theoretical Contributions (= Historical Materialism Book Series, Volume: 279), Bill, Leiden 2023, ISBN 978-90-04-53349-3.
External links
