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In , (; ) is knowledge or understanding. The term (the branch of philosophy concerning knowledge) is derived from .


History

Plato
, following , contrasts with : common belief or opinion.. The term is also distinguished from : a craft or applied practice.. In the Protagoras, Plato's notes that and are prerequisites for ().


Aristotle
distinguished between five virtues of thought: , , , , and , with translating as "craft" or "art" and as "knowledge". A full account of is given in Posterior Analytics, where Aristotle argues that knowledge of necessary, rather than contingent, truths regarding causation is foundational for . To emphasize the necessity, he uses . Notably, Aristotle uses the notion of () in a than contemporary thought. For example, understanding how geometrical lead to a about properties of triangles counts as understanding the cause of the proven property of the right triangle. As a result, is a virtue of thought that deals with what cannot be otherwise, while and deal with what is contingent.


Contemporary interpretations

Michel Foucault
For , an épistémè is the guiding unconsciousness of subjectivity within a given epoch – subjective parameters which form an historical a priori. He uses the term épistémè () in his The Order of Things, in a specialized sense to mean the historical, non-temporal, a priori knowledge that grounds truth and , thus representing the condition of their possibility within a particular . In the book, Foucault describes épistémè:

In any given culture and at any given moment, there is always only one épistémè that defines the conditions of possibility of all knowledge, whether expressed in a theory or silently invested in a practice.

In subsequent writings, he makes it clear that several épistémè may co-exist and interact at the same time, being parts of various systems. Foucault attempts to demonstrate the constitutive limits of discourse, and in particular, the rules enabling their productivity; however, Foucault maintains that, though may infiltrate and form science, it need not do so: it must be demonstrated how ideology actually forms the science in question; contradictions and lack of objectivity are not an indicator of ideology. has compared Foucault's use of épistémè with 's notion of a ..


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