Eosimops is an extinct genus of Pylaecephalidae . They were small superficially resembling Mammal. Eosimops is known from several skull specimens, as well as one complete skeleton. Eosimops lived during the Permian of South Africa.
Etymology
Eosimops was named in by South African paleontologist
Robert Broom.
Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek
Ēṓs (“dawn”) and
ópsis (“appearance”).
Discovery
Eosimops was discovered in 1921 by Robert Broom, based on a single skull.
It was found in the
Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone strata of South Africa, an area which provides a rich variety of early
and covers a period of almost 100 million years ranging from the
Permian to the
Jurassic.
Later, other skull specimens as well as a complete skeleton were found.
Eosimops is found above the stratigraphic range of the early dicynodont
Eodicynodon. Also found in the
Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone,
Eosimops occurs in association with animals like
Eunotosaurus and
Scylacosauridae Therocephalia.
Description and paleobiology
Eosimops was a small, non-mammalian
synapsid. It was around 34 cm in length (13.4 in.), roughly the size of a
prairie dog.
It had a long cylindrical body, with sprawling, clawed limbs which it probably used for digging.
Eosimops had two long tusks on its upper jaw,
and a cutting keratinized beak
for processing vegetation. It likely fed on leaves, stems, roots, and fleshy parts of plants. It has been suggested that some dicynodonts had hair, so
Eosimops may have sported small hairs for insulation and tactile sensation. Its short and stocky proportions could have also aided in heat retention.
Skull
Like other pylaecephalids,
Eosimops had a roughly square skull that sported caniform tusks. These tusks have been interpreted as representing sexual dimorphism within the closely related genus
Diictodon,
so may have been used for sexual selection. At least one postcanine tooth was present on the dentary blade. Its skull shape is described as being similar to that of its fellow pylaecephalid
Robertia, but likely attaining larger sizes.
Eosimops had indistinguishably fused , with the single element forming the anterior portion of the snout and alveolar margin along with the anterior edge of the external nares. The premaxilla forms part of the secondary pallet, and bears two sets of paired anterior ridges as well as a single median posterior palatal ridge. A dorsally directed portion of the premaxilla with a rounded edge projects between the nasals, diagnostic of dicynodonts thanks to the narrow groove along its midline.
Skeleton
Eosimops had a cylindrical body with 47
, much like its other dicynodont relatives. Six of these were cervical, and 23 were
Dorsal vertebrae. In the one full specimen recovered, no atlantal or axial ribs were observed. Whether or not this represents a true absence or incomplete preservation is uncertain. The dorsal ribs of
Eosimops were long and relatively thin, and there was a ventral component to the curvature of the thorax. The sacral ribs were laterally expanded and robust. Its body likely resembled that of its close relatives
Robertia and
Diictodon. Typical of dicynodonts, the humerus of
Eosimops sported expanded proximal and distal ends. It had a typical anomodont
Phalanx bone of 2-3-3-3-3 on its forelimbs. While the hind limbs were not preserved well enough to know for certain, it appears that this formula was present on the hind limbs as well.
Both the fore and hind limbs possessed extended phalanges with long, flattened claws, which suggests that Eosimops was a digger. It had short limbs, and it likely had a sprawling posture similar to its close relative Diictodon. Like Diictodon, Eosimops likely used its forelimbs for postural support and digging and its hind limbs for impact loading.
Diet
Like all other known dicynodonts
Eosimops was
Herbivore, using its horny beak to process plant matter. As it didn't have a well-developed mastication system in comparison to modern vertebrates and lacked a gastric mill,
Eosimops likely had a well-developed digestive tract and focused on feeding on high-quality forage. This likely included gymnosperm plants, evidence of which has been found in dicynodont coprolites.
Endothermy and hair
Dicynodonts, including
Eosimops, have been suspected for some time to be
.
In a
Histology study of the closely related
Diictodon, another pylaecephalid, rapid bone growth is shown to be part of their early
ontogeny. Continued growth during adult stages was also observed.
This rapid growth as well as moderately vascularized bones suggests that
Diictodon could have been an endotherm, and that
Eosimops could have been as well. This would be consistent with the hypothesis that more derived dicynodonts were endotherms, as endothermy would likely have been evolved early in the taxon's history.
Eosimops also potentially had hair. The discovery of hair remains in coprolites from carnivorous species that had consumed dicynodonts suggests that the hair was of dicynodont origin,
Species
The genus
Eosimops represents a single known species,
Eosimops newtoni.
See also
