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N'golo (anglicized as Engolo) is a traditional Bantu peoples Martial arts and game from Angola, that combines elements of combat and dance, performed in a circle accompanied by music and singing. It is known as the forerunner of capoeira.
Engolo has been played in Africa for centuries, specifically along the Cunene River in the Cunene Province of Angola. Ngolo finds its inspiration in nature, involving the imitation of animal behaviors. Examples include mimicking a zebra's kicking motion or emulating the swaying of trees. This warrior dance is not merely ritualistic; serious injuries have been known to occur during its practice.
The combat style of engolo encompasses a variety of techniques, including different types of , dodges, and takedowns, with a particular emphasis on inverted positions. Many of the iconic capoeira techniques, such as meia lua de compasso, scorpion kick, chapa, chapa de costas, rasteira, L-kick, and others, were originally developed within engolo.The documentary Jogo de Corpo. Capoeira e Ancestralidade (2013) by Matthias Assunção and Mestre Cobra Mansa provides insights into this development. As enslaved Africans were transported to Brazil, they brought engolo with them, and through the centuries, it evolved into the capoeira. Capoeira: Afro-Brazilian Dance of Freedom
Engolo was "rediscovered" in 1950s when the Angolan artist Albano Neves e Sousa included it in a collection of drawings, highlighting its similarities to the Afro-Brazilian martial art of Capoeira. THE VISIT OF ALBANO NEVES E SOUSA
Engolo is one of several African martial arts spread to the Americas through the African Diaspora. It descendant arts include knocking and kicking in North America, capoeira in Brazil, and danmyé in Martinique. Known sources document only one African combat game beside engolo that uses similar kicking techniques – moraingy on Madagascar and surrounding islands.
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Ngolo is also colloquially referred to as the Zebra dance. Body Games
Engolo is typically performed within a circle, accompanied by percussion, with participants humming, singing, and clapping hands. The dance synchronizes with the rhythm of handclaps. In Jogo de corpo documentary, sometimes the musical bow was also played (with mouth).
One of the traditional song in engolo is: “ Who dies in engolo won’t be wept for”. There are also alternative translation from Kimbundu:
Another engolo song highlightes the all-important ability to dodge and escape: “ Kauno tchivelo kwali tolondo”, meaning “You don’t have a door, maybe jump over”, emphasizing agility in evasions and cunning in finding creative solutions to challenges.
The practice of engolo, as documented in the 1950s, involves a circle of singing participants and potential combatants, and, similar to a capoeira roda, participants must remain within a defined area. Sometimes, this circle is overseen by a kimbanda, a ritual specialist. The game starts with clapping and call-and-response songs, some of them featuring humming instead of lyrics. A practitioner enters the circle, dancing and shouting, and when another participant joins, they engage in a dance-off, assessing each other's skills. This interaction incorporates kicks and sweeps, with defenders using dodges and blending techniques to counterattack smoothly. This cycle continues until one participant concedes defeat, feels the match is complete, or the kimbanda overseeing the match calls for its conclusion.
In engolo games documented in the 2010s, players often initiate the engolo circle by challenging others. In such cases, they enthusiastically leap into the circle, showcasing agile movements and occasional shouts while awaiting someone to join and engage in the play. They can also select a specific individual to join them by using kicks or simulated kicks.
According to Desch-Obi, engolo was likely developed by Bantu nganga and warriors in ancient Angola, based on the inverted worldview of kongo religion. With this worldview, shamans put themselves upside down to gain power from the ancestral realm. Among the Pende people shamans, the most used movement was the front crescent kick. Masked shaman kicked over sacred medicine to activate it and over the kneeling people to heal them. Moreover, engolo was a military training method to develop warriors' close combat skills.
Neves e Sousa believes that the techniques of engolo derived from the way in which zebras fight among themselves. Desch-Obi finds that using the zebra as a combat role model in Angola makes sense because it symbolizes nimbleness and agile defense. The engolo also resembled the zebra's fighting style, particularly the zebra kicks executed with the palms touching the ground, which is a defining feature of engolo.
Matthew Zylstra suggests that a dance performed by the Gwikwe Bushmen bears a striking resemblance to the Angolan art. He proposes a theory that the Bantu peoples in southern Angola, who interacted with San people groups in the region, may have known such dances and integrated them into their cultures. If this theory holds, it would imply that the origins of engolo could be thousands of years old. Matthew Zylstra, The real origins of capoeira?
Since the Portuguese invasion in the 16th century, European chroniclers noted the martial skills of the local people. Mock combats were a common feature of military reviews in Kongo/Angola, similar to drills in Europe. These movements could be applied in warfare, as Angolan warriors heavily relied on personal maneuvers in their fighting technique. Written sources from the 16th century describe martial arts similar to capoeira. A Jesuit missionary in late 16th century described the abilities of the Ndongo warriors as follows:
In the mid-17th century, Italian missionary Cavazzi also described the handstand technique of Angolan nganga:
In 17th century, new military formation of kilombo, a fortified war camp surrounded by a wooden palisade, appeared among Imbangala warriors, which would soon be used in Brazil by freed Angolans. Angolan warriors mostly fought without shields, so evasion was essential to survive in missile and close combat. In the 19th century, Angolan warriors excelled in close combat techniques, surpassing Europeans.
In the early 20th century, Portuguese ethnographer Augusto Bastos documented a capoeira-like combat game in the Benguela district:
In the 1950s, "n'golo dance" was first documented when the painter Neves e Sousa visited Mucope, in Cunene Province. In his drawings, young men in their prime can be seen performing inverted kicks and challenging acrobatic moves. His engolo drawings show many of the foundational capoeira moves, including the chapa de costas, rabo de arraia, scorpion, and cartwheel kick.
During the 1990s martial arts scholar Desch-Obi undertook field research in Angola, documenting engolo techniques. Around 2010, as a result of a research project, a documentary was made about engolo Jogo de Corpo. This time, all engolo players were elderly individuals who used only a basic set of kicks and sweeps, without demanding acrobatics. They stated that engolo had not been actively played since the 1970s because of Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), and that youth were no longer learning engolo.
The danmyé or ladja is a martial art from Martinique that is similar to capoeira. The term danmyé likely came from the drumming technique danmyé, played during the combat. The art was influenced by various combat techniques from West and Central Africa, including West African wrestling, but the core kicking techniques comes from ngolo. In the 1930s Katherine Dunham filmed the ladja matches. In that time, wrestling was not the dominant technique of ladja, but kicks, many of them inverted, and a significant number of hand strikes from kokoyé.
Soon Freedman started founding settlements in remote areas, calling them Quilombo, meaning a war camp in the Kimbundu Bantu language. Portuguese sources mentioned that it took more than one dragoon to capture a quilombo warrior, as they defended themselves with a " strangely moving fighting technique". Some quilombos grew into independent states, with the largest, Quilombo dos Palmares, lasting nearly a century (1605-1694) as an African Kingdom in the Western Hemisphere.
One of the first records of inverted kicks in Brazil is from 18th-century Bahia. The Inquisition case reported of a free African named João, who had the ability to become "possessed" and communicate with the ancestors. To accomplish this, he would need to "walk on one foot, throwing the other one violently over his shoulder." By the mid-18th century, ngolo had spread to Rio de Janeiro and other cities. The term playing angola was also used for the art, where both angola and engolo actually came from the same Bantu word.
Any display of not only martial arts but mere acrobatics among Africans was forbidden.Desch-Obi, T. J. "Capoeira." Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 395–398. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3444700236/GVRL?u=tamp44898&sid=GVRL&xid=fe4652ba. Accessed 19 January 2021. During the 1780s, a free negro in Rio was accused of "witchcraft" before the Inquisition. One indicator of his role as a Nganga was his ability of hand walking. Due to repression, angola was forced to be passed down as secret knowledge.
As the end of the 18th century, the Angolan fighting technique in Brazil started to be called capoeira,Its very first mention dating back only to 1789 Cavalcanti named after the clearings in the forest where
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In the early 20th century, Anibal Burlamaqui and Agenor Moreira Sampaio first codified the street version of capoeira as a national martial art, removing music and dance and incorporating strikes from boxing, judo and other disciplines. In the 1930s, Mestre Bimba founded the regional style of capoeira in Salvador, Bahia, incorporating traditional elements of music and dance, as well as new elements from other martial arts. Finally, in the 1940s, in response to the popularization of corrupted forms of capoeira, Mestre Pastinha founded the Capoeira angola school, returning capoeira to its African roots.
Modern capoeira remains firmly based on crescent and pushing kicks (often from inverted positions), sweeps, and acrobatic evasions inherited from engolo. Professor Desch-Obi finds that the evolution from engolo to capoeira took place within a relatively isolated context, because the Portuguese lacked prevalent unarmed martial art to blend with. Some punching and grappling techniques were used in street combat, but they were not incorporated into the philosophy, aesthetics and rituals of capoeira. The sole new form incorporated in engolo was , derived from a distinct African practice known as jogo de cabeçadas. Headbutts was a major component of the street-fighting capoeira in Rio, but only a few butts entered the regular practice.
One observer remarked that "the Brazilian capoeira is nothing other than our engolo done to different songs." Also, the angolan painter Neves e Sousa, who drew engolo games in Mucope, visited Brazil in 1960s asserting that "N’golo is capoeira".
Engolo players often do a rotation with a back push kick, with or without jumping.
The leg used for kicking can be extended fully or partially bent.
The Bantu name for this technique is okuminunina / okusanene komima (crescent kicks with hands on ground).
The L-kick is executed by throwing the body into a cartwheel motion, but rather than completing the wheel, the body flexes, while supported by one hand on the ground. One leg is brought downward and deliver a kick, while the other remains in the air. One of Neves e Sousa’s drawings clearly shows this technique. Matthias Röhrig Assunção, Engolo and Capoeira. From Ethnic to Diasporic Combat Games in the Southern Atlantic
The Buntu name for the techniques is okusana omaulo-ese (cartwheel or handstand kick down).
Unlike defensive maneuvers seen in Angolan kandeka slapboxing, engolo does not include blocking movements. Instead, skilled practitioners must gracefully evade attacks by going over, under, or employing fluid, evasive techniques. Some of the common evasive techniques are:
Assunção finds that contemporary engolo employs five fundamental evasions against kicks, including:
Four variations of sweeps or takedowns were documented during engolo game in the 2010s:
Engolo using and cartwheels both for L-kick and evasive maneuvers. Multiple early drawings clearly demonstrates these techniques.
When a player is possessed by a spirit, this transformation may not manifest immediately, as they continue with the game, maybe playing even better than usual. However, the shift in their behavior becomes evident to the audience, especially in their communication.
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