The Alborz ( ) range, also spelled as Alburz, Elburz or Elborz, is a mountain range in northern Iran that stretches from the border of Azerbaijan along the western and entire southern coast of the Caspian Sea and finally runs northeast and merges into the smaller Aladagh Mountains and borders in the northeast on the parallel mountain ridge Kopet Dag in the northern parts of Greater Khorasan. All these mountains are part of the much larger Alpide belt. The Alborz range is divided into the Western, Central, and Eastern Alborz Mountains. The Western Alborz Range (usually called the Talysh Mountains) runs south-southeastward almost along the western coast of the Caspian Sea. The Central Alborz (the Alborz Mountains in the strictest sense) runs from west to east along the entire southern coast of the Caspian Sea, while the Eastern Alborz Range runs in a northeasterly direction, toward the northern parts of the Khorasan region, southeast of the Caspian Sea. Mount Damavand, the highest mountain in Iran measuring 5,610.0 m (18,405.5 ft), is located in the Central Alborz Mountains. Mount Damavand is the 12th most prominent peak in the world and the second most prominent in Asia after Mount Everest.
Etymology
The name
Alborz is derived from
Hara Berezaiti, a legendary mountain in the
Avesta, the main text of
Zoroastrianism.
Harā Barazaitī is from a Proto-Iranian name,
Harā Bṛzatī, meaning "Mountain Rampart".
Bṛzatī is the feminine form of the adjective
bṛzant- "high", the ancestor of modern Persian
bouland and
BarzBerazandeh, cognate with Sanskrit
Brihat.
Harā may be interpreted as "watch" or "guard", from an Indo-European root *
ser- "protect". In Middle Persian,
Harā Barazaitī became
Harborz, Modern Persian
Alborz, which is a cognate with
Mount Elbrus, the highest peak of the
Caucasus.
Mythology
Zoroastrianism seem to identify the range with the dwelling place of the
Peshyotan, and the Zoroastrian
Ilm-e-Kshnoom sect identifies
Mount Damavand as the home of the
Saheb-e-Dilan ('Masters of the Heart'). In his epic
Shahnameh, the poet
Ferdowsi speaks of the mountains "as though they lay in
India."
This could reflect older usage, for numerous high peaks were given the name, and some even reflect it to this day, including
Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus Mountains and Mount Elbariz (Albariz,
Jebal Barez) in the
Kerman area above the Strait of Hormuz. All these names reflect the same Iranian language compound, and have been speculatively identified, at one time or another, as the legendary mountain
Hara Berezaiti of the
Avesta.
Geology
The Alborz mountain range forms a barrier between the south Caspian and the
Iranian plateau. It is only 60–130 km wide and consists of sedimentary series dating from Upper
Devonian to
Oligocene, prevalently
Jurassic limestone over a
granite core. Continental conditions regarding
sedimentation are reflected by thick Devonian
and by
Jurassic containing coal seams. Marine conditions are reflected by
Carboniferous and
Permian strata that are composed mainly of limestones. In the Eastern Alborz Range, the far eastern section is formed by
Mesozoic (chiefly
Triassic and Jurassic) rocks, while the western part of the Eastern Alborz Range is made primarily of
Paleozoic rocks.
Precambrian rocks can be found chiefly south of the city of
Gorgan situated in the southeast of the
Caspian Sea and, in much smaller amounts, in the central and western parts of the Central Alborz Range. The central part of the Central Alborz Range is formed mainly of
Triassic and
Jurassic rocks, while the northwestern section of the range is mainly composed of Jurassic rocks. Very thick beds of
Tertiary period (mostly
Eocene) green
Volcano and
are found mainly in the southwestern and south-central parts of the range. The far northwestern part of the Alborz, that constitutes the Western Alborz Range or the
Talish Mountains, is mainly made up of
Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary deposits, with a strip of Paleozoic rocks and a band of Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the southern parts, both in a northwest–southeast direction. As the
Tethys Sea was closed and the
Arabian plate collided with the
Iranian plate, and was pushed against it, and with the clockwise movement of the
Eurasian plate towards the
Iranian plate and their final collision, the Iranian plate was pressed from both sides. The collisions finally caused the folding of the Upper Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and
Paleogene rocks and the
Cenozoic (chiefly the
Eocene)
volcanism, to form the Alborz Mountains, primarily during the
Miocene. The
Alpine orogeny began, therefore, with Eocene volcanism in southwestern and south-central parts of the Alborz, and continued with the uplift and folding of the older sedimentary rocks in the northwestern, central and eastern parts of the range, during the most important orogenic phases, which date from the Miocene and
Pliocene epochs.
Ecoregions, flora and fauna
While the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains are usually semiarid or arid, with irregular and low precipitation, the northern slopes of the range are usually humid, especially in the western parts of the Central Alborz. The Alborz is the easternmost extent of many European plant species. In the southern slopes or the Elburz Range forest steppe
ecoregion, the higher elevations are arid with few trees.
Juniper is the most common tree in inaccessible areas and at high elevation, while common
are
pistachio,
maple, and
almond. But in the northern slopes, the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion is lush and forested. The natural
vegetation of this
region grows in distinct zones:
-
forests on the lowest levels,
-
beech forests in the middle zone,
-
oak forests in higher regions.
The wild cypress is the dominant form of vegetation in some valleys, while olive trees grow in the western valleys of the Central Alborz near the Sefidrud. The bezoar ibex, Blanford's fox, Rüppell's fox, red fox, Persian fallow deer, wild boar, Syrian brown bear, Persian leopard, Indian wolf, buzzard, goose, woodpecker, griffon vulture, and eagle are among important animals and birds found in the Alborz Mountains. The extinct Caspian tiger also lived in the Alborz Mountains.
Prehistory
Archaeology evidence from Alborz indicates that early human groups were present in the region since at least late Lower Paleolithic. The
Darband Cave located at the
Gilan Province contains evidence for late Lower Paleolithic. Stone artifacts and animal
were discovered by a group of archaeologists of the
Department of Paleolithic of the National Museum of Iran and ICHTO of
Gilan. The presence of large numbers of
cave bear and
brown bear remains and sparse stone artifacts at the site indicates that Darband primarily represents a bear den. The co-occurrence of artifacts and bear bones does not imply human predation or scavenging. Because there are no clear cut marks, except a few burning signs on the bear bones, they probably accumulated through natural processes.
[Biglari, F., V. Jahani 2011 The Pleistocene Human Settlement in Gilan, Southwest Caspian Sea: Recent Research, Eurasian Prehistory 8 (1-2): 3-28] During Middle Paleolithic period,
were most probably were present in the region as their fossil have been found at northwest of Alborz, in the
Azykh Cave. Their stone tools found in the
Buzeyir cave and Kiaram cave and number of other surveyed sites.
[Biglari, F. (2019). Lower and Middle Paleolithic Occupation of the Northern Alborz and Talesh,
South of the Caspian Sea. Tourism Research, 1(3), 90-106 (access: http://journal.richt.ir/browse.php?a_id=76&sid=7&slc_lang=en ] Evidence for Modern human comes from a river side site called
Garm Rud in the Mazandaran Province which dates back to about 30,000 years ago.
[Berillon G., Asgari Khaneghah A. (dir.) 2016. Garm Roud : une halte de chasse en Iran, Paléolithique supérieur, Garm Roud : Hunting place in Iran, Upper Paleolithic. Prigonrieux : @rchéo-éditions, IFRI,
]
Ski resorts
Due to the snowy winters of the Alborz Mountains, there are several
ski resorts in different places across the range. Some of them, according to ski enthusiasts, are among the best in the world.
Mounts, summits, alpine lakes and attractions
The Alborz four-thousanders with at least 300 meters of topographic prominence:
The peaks with altitude of 3800 m - 4000 m, with at least 300 meters of topographic prominence:
| +
!
! Name
! Height (m)
!Prominence (m) |
| 1 | Mishineh Marg | 3990 | 562 |
| 2 | Tochal | 3964 | 1164 |
| 3 | Karkas Neshin | 3950 | 537 |
| 4 | Khashechal | 3945 | 645 |
| 5 | Vantar | 3944 | 544 |
| | South Kharsang | 3940 | 293 |
| 6 | Sechal | 3936 | 436 |
| 7 | Sineza | 3933 | 336 |
| 8 | Shahvar | 3932 | 1923 |
| 9 | Mehrchal | 3912 | 759 |
| 10 | Keyoonchal | 3910 | 390 |
| 11 | Pashooreh | 3896 | 814 |
| 12 | Small Nazer | 3881 | 444 |
| 13 | Gavingchal | 3880 | 344 |
| 14 | Deev Asiab (Alarm) | 3880 | 421 |
| 15 | Zarrin-Kuh | 3850 | 858 |
| | Kushgak (Sorkhak) | 3843 | 299 |
| 16 | Gavkoshan | 3840 | 1160 |
| 17 | Khozanak | 3840 | 402 |
| 18 | Asemankuh | 3819 | 499 |
| 19 | Lake Tar | 3200 | 500 |
The peaks with at least 1000 meters of topographic prominence:
| +
!
! Name
! Height (m)
!Prominence (m) |
| 1 | Mount Damavand | 5610 | 4661 |
| 2 | Shahvar | 3932 | 1923 |
| 3 | Alam-Kuh | 4828 | 1848 |
| 4 | Neyzeva | 3730 | 1510 |
| 5 | Do Berar | 4082 | 1352 |
| 6 | Tochal | 3964 | 1164 |
| 7 | Sialan | 4160 | 1160 |
| 8 | Gavkoshan | 3840 | 1160 |
| 9 | Parchenan | 4015 | 1144 |
| 10 | Shahdar Kuh | 3252 | 1107 |
| 11 | Ghadamgah | 3563 | 1057 |
| 12 | Badleh Kuh | 3203 | 1036 |
| 13 | Mount Naz | 4108 | 1018 |
See also
-
List of Iranian four-thousanders
-
List of mountains in Iran
-
Kayanian dynasty
-
The Clouds Forest
-
Koh e Alborz
Sources
-
North, S.J.R., Guide to Biblical Iran, Rome 1956, p. 50
External links
