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Ein Feshkha (, also Ain Al-Fashka) or Einot Tzukim () is a nature reserve and archaeological site on the north-western shore of the Dead Sea, about south of Qumran in the West Bank. It is located just north of the headland , the "headland of Feshkhah". Within the reserve is a group of springs of brackish water. The nature reserve consists of an open section with pools of mineral water for bathing surrounded by high foliage and a section that is closed to visitors to protect the native flora and fauna.
The archaeological site of Khirbet Mazin is located on the shoreline in the southern part of 'Ein Feshkha nature reserve.
In 1847 William F. Lynch visited the place, and described the stream as: "The fountain is a shallow and clear stream of water, at the temperature of 84° , which flows from a cane−brake, near the base of the mountain. It is soft yet brackish, and there is no deposit of silicious or cretaceous matter, but it has a strong smell of sulphur." He further "made an excursion along the base of the mountain, towards Ras es Feshkhah (cape of the stride), and gathered some specimens of conglomerate and some fresh−water shells in the bed of the stream. We were struck with the almost absence of round stones and pebbles upon the beach −the shore is covered with small angular fragments of flint. Started two of a beautiful stone−colour, so much like the rocks, that they could only be distinguished when in motion. Heard the notes of a solitary bird in the cane−brake, which we could not identify. The statement that nothing can live upon the shores of the sea, is, therefore, disproved. The home and the usual haunt of the partridge may be among the cliffs above, but the smaller bird we heard must have its nest in the thicket."
In 1851 de Saulcy noted extensive ruins north of the spring.
Around 1860 Henry Baker Tristram visited, and noted: "Our prospects at Ain Feshkhah seemed as bright as at Jericho, and we were already prepared to pronounce the Dead Sea shore to be the shore of charmed life. Water, vegetation, birds and beasts, geology, and hot baths −everything was in abundance. The poor fountain has had, methinks, rather scurvy treatment at the hands of its biographers. ... Perhaps our tastes were vitiated, or perhaps after the recent rains the mineral element was unusually diluted; but though the spring itself had a temperature of 82° Fahrenheit we found it tolerable. It made good tea and coffee, though with a slight flavour of soda, and we had no hesitation in determining to spend two days by its reeds."
In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's (PEF) Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) noted: "In the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea there are also two springs of importance. The largest of these is 'Ain Feshkhah, near which is the little spring called 'Ain et Tannur. The water comes out from beneath the cliffs into a pool surrounded with canes, and runs over a shingly bed in several streams into the Dead Sea. The supply is copious and perennial, but has a slightly brackish taste and sulphurous smell. The colour in the pool is a deep green blue."
The saline wetlands of Ein Feshkha are the only known place in the world where populations of Blue and Dead Sea killifish (Nevit Hula and Nevit Yam Hamelakh) live side by side. The Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture are constructing pools in the area to preserve these native fish. Two of the pools are complete and are now populated by tens of thousands of fish. Measures are also being taken to preserve the tilapia population.
Enot Tsukim is divided into three sections: the northern "closed reserve," the central "visitors reserve," and the southern "hidden reserve." The closed reserve is only open to scientists by special invitation. This section covers approximately . The visitors reserve features wading pools filled with natural spring water. Due to ecological concerns, the hidden reserve is closed to the public apart from tours on Fridays.
This was a square tower built of blocks of local limestone. It provided a clear view of Feshkha, as well as of Qumran, and as far as the Dead Sea coast. Archaeologists found potsherds there dating from the seventh-sixth centuries BCE (late Iron Age). This type of watchtower was similar to other structures of late Iron Age around the Dead Sea.
The complex is composed of a main building with central courtyard, an industrial installation with two plastered basins to its northeast and what appear to be stables to its west. The entrance was through two doors, side-by-side, to the east. There is a staircase in the southeast corner of the building, showing that there was an upper story.
The spring at Ein Feshkha is now located south of the main building found by de Vaux and at least lower. In ancient times a spring, now dried up, just north of the main building supplied water. This ancient spring being several meters higher suggests that it was sweet, not brackish. A channel brought water from the spring through the wall to the north into a small rectangular tank on to each of the two basins. The purpose of this installation is unknown. It may have served as part of a tannery or for raising fish. More recent analyses suggest it may have been used in indigo manufacturing, date-wine preparation,Netzer, cited in date-honey productionGideon Hadas, cited in or opobalsam preparation.
The archaeological site of Khirbet Mazin, part of 'Ein Feshkha nature reserve, represents a sophisticated port facility on the Dead Sea, that was most likely built by Alexander Jannaeus. Thousands of his bronze coins were found in the 2001 survey on the shore nearby.July 7, 2024. Khirbet Mazin. Forgotten Dead Sea archaeological site possibly used by John the Baptist and Herod Antipas.
Important Bird Area
The nature reserve has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of , Dead Sea sparrows and cinereous buntings.
Archaeology
Excavations at Ein Feshkha were conducted by Roland de Vaux of the Ecole Biblique in 1956 and 1958. Hirschfeld excavated the site in 2001.
Iron Age findings
In 2001, Y. Hirschfeld excavated at the site, as well as at the elevated area of the cliff to the west of the spring (Area B). At the cliff, about 50m above Ein Feshkha, he discovered the remnants of a late Iron Age guard tower.
Herodian complex
De Vaux showed that the Ein Feshkha complex was contemporary with the settlement at Qumran and theorized that they were inhabited by the same community and, while he dated traces to the period from 100 to 31 BCE, both Jodi Magness and Hirschfeld have concluded that the complex was Herodian, i.e., dates after 37 BCE. Ain el-Ghuweir is another settlement nearby from the same time period.
Other discoveries
Other discoveries at Ein Feshkha include a sizable vase from the first century BCE or CE with an inscription written in Hebrew language/Aramaic using the Hebrew alphabet and a stone weight dating to the fifth year of king Agrippa, most likely Herod Agrippa.
See also
Bibliography
External links
Categories: 1838 Archaeological Discoveries, 1969 Establishments In The Israeli Military Governorate, Protected Areas Established In 1969, Jews And Judaism In The Roman Republic And The Roman Empire, Archaeological Sites In The West Bank, Dead Sea Scrolls, Former Populated Places In West Asia, Nature Reserves In Palestine, Nature Reserves In Israeli-occupied Territories, Qumran, Important Bird Areas Of Palestine, Herod Agrippa, Iron Age Sites In Palestine
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