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   » » Wiki: Dinokaryota
Tag Wiki 'Dinokaryota'.
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Dinokaryota is a main grouping of . They include all species where the remains a throughout the entire , which is typically dominated by the stage. All the "typical" dinoflagellates, such as and , belong here. Others are more unusual, including some that are colonial, , or . contains the zooxanthellae.

The non-photosynthetic members are believed to derive from ancestors.


Classification
Dinoflagellates are classified by morphology.


With a theca
Species with a are divided into four orders, based on the arrangement of the armor plates:

The Peridiniales are probably to the others, and on trees they are mixed with the species that lack thecae. The other three orders are probably , with the Dinophysiales and Prorocentrales as close relatives, united by the presence of a sagittal suture dividing the theca in two.

However, on rRNA trees the Prorocentrales are split up.


Without theca
The groups of dinoflagellates without theca are understood to be artificial, and are mostly . Many of the genera, such as and , are also polyphyletic. However some may approximate monophyletic groups, such as the , and some have not been studied phylogenetically.


Blastodiniales
There is also a group of parasitic dinoflagellates, the , that do not have dinokarya during their trophic stage. Because of this, they have been treated as a separate class Blastodiniphyceae, but some or all may actually have developed within the Dinophyceae.

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