Dacoity is a term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent. The spelling is the anglicised version of the Hindi word डाकू (ḍākū); "dacoit" is a colloquial Indian English word with the meaning "a robber belonging to an armed gang". It appears in the Hobson-Jobson (1903).[Here, "Anglo-Indian" refers to the language or linguistic usage. See: Yule, Henry and Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886; reprinted 1903). . London: J. Murry. p. 290. - "DACOIT, DACOO ... a robber belonging to an armed gang"] Banditry is a criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The East India Company established the Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1830, and the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in British India under East India Company rule.[
] Areas with ravines or forests, such as Chambal division and Chilapata Forests, were once known for dacoits.
Etymology
The word "dacoity" is an
anglicise version of the
Hindi language word
ḍakaitī (historically transliterated
dakaitee).
Hindi डकैती comes from
ḍākū (historically transliterated
dakoo,
Hindi: डाकू, meaning "armed robber").
The term dacoit (Hindi: डकैत ḍakait) means "a bandit" according to the OED ("A member of a class of robbers in India and Myanmar, who plunder in armed bands").
History
Bandits of Bhind-Morena of Gwalior Chambal
The dacoity have had a large impact in the
Bhind and Morena of
Chambal Division region in
Madhya Pradesh and
Rajasthan in north-central India.
The exact reasons for the emergence of dacoity in the Chambal valley have been disputed. Most explanations have suggested feudal exploitation as the cause that provoked many people in this region to take arms. The area was also underdeveloped and poor, so banditry posed great economic incentives.
However, the fact that many gangs operating in this valley were composed of higher castes and wealthy people appears to suggest that feudalism may only be a partial explanation of dacoity in Chambal Valley (Bhaduri, 1972; Khan, 1981; Jatar, 1980; Katare, 1972). Furthermore, traditional honour codes and
would drive some into criminality.
In Chambal, India, organized crime controlled much of the countryside from the time of the British Raj up to the early 2000s, with the police offering high rewards for the most notorious bandit chiefs. The criminals regularly targeted local businesses, though they preferred to kidnap wealthy people and demand ransom from their relatives – cutting off fingers, noses, and ears to pressure them into paying high sums. Many dacoity also posed as toward the local poor, paying medical bills and funding weddings. One ex-dacoit described his criminal past by claiming that "I was a rebel. I fought injustice."
Dacoits in Bengal
While thugs and dacoits operating in northern and central India are more popularly known and referenced in books, films, and academic journals, a significant number of accounts also come from Bengal. Writing about the dacoits of Bengal, the colonial official CH Keighly mentions the “great difference between gangs of hereditary dacoits or thugs in other parts of India and the dacoits of Bengal”.
It is notable that, unlike the rest of India, dacoits in Bengal did not come from a particular social class, caste, or creed.
The Gangs of Nadia and Hooghly
Dacoit gangs in Nadia and Hooghly were mainly known for their ceremonial practices before the night of dacoity. Before setting off for their mission, the members would assemble to perform “kalipuja” led by the Sirdar (leader). The dacoits would form a straight line, and a pot of liquor, torches, and weapons to be used in the dacoity would be laid down in a clear space. The Sirdar would then dip his finger in oil and touch the forehead of all the dacoits, making them promise never to confess. Even during the raid, when dacoits opened chests and discovered a good fortune, they would shout “Kali, Jai Kali”.
Dacoits of Birbhum
Dacoity was prevalent in 19th century West Bengal. One of the gangs, led by a charismatic leader named Bhabani Pathak, was known for its loyalty to their leader. After the British captured Bhabani, the inner workings and social factors that led to the construction of this gang were revealed. Leaders such as Bhabani were known as Sirdars and had a symbiotic relationship with their followers.
Among other benefits, a Sirdar would lend loans to members and provide them protection. This allowed for the formation of a special bond between Sirdar and his followers, which meant that cases of desertion and exiting the gang were virtually unheard of.
Tales of Burdwan
In Burdwan, dacoities were heavily planned, and considerable thought was put into their seamless execution. Sirdars in Burdwan employed several informants who kept them updated about prospective targets.
When a target was finalized, the Sirdar and relevant gang members were constantly made aware of his whereabouts. The informants were always on the lookout for wealthy business people and kept a close watch on those who exchanged bank notes of considerable value or received a shipment of merchandise they would store in their houses.
Other dacoity
The term is also applied, according to the
OED, to "pirates who formerly infested the
Ganges between
Kolkata and
Baharampur".
Dacoits existed in Burma as well—Rudyard Kipling's fictional Private Mulvaney hunted Burmese dacoits in "The Taking of Lungtungpen." Sax Rohmer 's criminal mastermind Fu Manchu also employed Burmese dacoits as his henchmen.
Indian police forces use "Known Dacoit" (K.D.) as a label to classify criminals.
Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts
Introduced in 1836, the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts brought about several legislative measures, including establishing special courts, authorization for using rewards for informants, and the power to arrest suspects.
These acts were primarily intended to counter the activities of the
thuggee, groups of criminals who allegedly moved along the highways of India murdering and robbing unaware travellers. According to academic Mark Brown, the prevalence of the thuggee across India during the early 19th century and the East India Company's response to it "might best be viewed in light of anxieties in both British ruling and Indian subordinate groups produced by the rapid and far-reaching British colonial expansion" across
South Asia.
Notable dacoits
Notable dacoits include:
-
Chavviram Singh Yadav
-
Gabbar Singh Gujjar – inspired the famous 1975 film Sholay, based on his life
-
Man Singh
[Staff (5 September 1955) "India: Dead Man" Time magazine] was a notorious Dacoit of the Rathore clan of Rajputs. He was also known as the Lion of Chambal.
-
Malkhan Singh Rajpoot, a notorious bandit known as the "Daku Man Singh".
[Kaufman, Michael T. (1982-03-29). "Despite Grisly Evidence, India Glorifies Its Bndits". The New York Times. . Retrieved 2021-10-27.] He also had political aspirations in MP.
-
Malangi
-
Kallu Yadav (Kalua), also known as Katri King
-
Mohar Singh Gurjar
-
Nirbhay Singh Gujjar- Also known as "Daketraj" or "King of Dacoits of Chambal"
-
Nizam Lohar, a dacoit born into a Punjabi Muslims family during the Sikh Empire. He is known for his rebellion and freedom struggle against the British Raj.
-
Paan Singh Tomar, a former soldier in the Indian Army, an athlete that represented India in the Asian Games, who later resorted to becoming a Baaghi due to the injustices he faced. Also inspired the Bollywood film Paan Singh Tomar, in which he was played by Irrfan Khan.
-
Phoolan Devi,
-
Gadaria people – Regarded as the last notorious dacoit of Chambal he is known as t-1 target one13 Gujjars were lined up and shot dead in gwalior 3 time police clame we killed him in encounter but he was enjoying because he nerve killed in encounter.
-
Shiv Kumar Patel (Dadua)
-
Ramashish Koeri was active in Rohtas Plateau of Bihar in 1980s. He was the leader of a group of bandits, who were supported by the people from lower strata of society. This dacoit group was known for challenging the hagemony of upper caste landlords in the region, who were exploitative.
-
Jagga Jatt
-
Veerappan, a notorious dacoit, poacher, and smuggler in South India. He was responsible for poaching approximately 500 of the 2000 elephants killed in the peninsular region where he was active
-
Nazroo Narejo (1966-2015)
Protection measures
In Madhya Pradesh, women belonging to a village defence group have been issued firearm permits to fend off dacoity. The Chief minister of the state, Shivraj Singh Chouhan, recognised the role the women had played in defending their villages without guns. He stated that he wanted to enable these women to better defend both themselves and their villages, and issued the gun permits to advance this goal.
[ "Indian Women Granted Gun Permits to Fend Off Armed Robbers" LearnAboutGuns.com]
In popular culture
Dacoit films
As the dacoits flourished through the 1940s–1970s, they were the subject of various
Hindi films made during this era, leading to the emergence of the dacoit film genre in Hindi Film Industry.
The genre began with
Mehboob Khan's
Aurat (1940), which he remade as
Mother India (1957).
Mother India received an
Academy Awards nomination, and defined the dacoit film genre, along with
Dilip Kumar's
Gunga Jumna (1961).
Other popular films in this genre included
Raj Kapoor’s
Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1961) and Moni Bhattacharjee's
Mujhe Jeene Do (1963).
Pakistani actor Akmal Khan had two dacoit films, Malangi (1965) and Imam Din Gohavia (1967). Other films in this genre included Khote Sikkay (1973), Mera Gaon Mera Desh (1971), and Kuchhe Dhaage (1973) both by Raj Khosla.
The most famous dacoit film is Sholay (1975), written by Salim–Javed, and starring Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan, and Amjad Khan as the dacoit character Gabbar Singh. It was a masala film that combined the dacoit film conventions of Mother India and Gunga Jumna with that of Spaghetti Westerns, spawning the "Dacoit Western" genre,
An internationally acclaimed example of the genre is Bandit Queen (1994).
The Tamil movie starring Karthi, Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru (2017) deals elaborately with bandits. The film reveals the real dacoity incidents which held in Tamil Nadu between 1995 and 2005. Director Vinoth did a two-year research about bandits to develop the script.
A related genre of crime films are Mumbai underworld films.
Other media
Bengali novel
Devi Chaudhurani by author Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1867.
Bengali poem Birpurush by Rabindranath Tagore in 1903.
A Hindi novel named Painstth Lakh ki Dacoity (1977) was written by Surender Mohan Pathak; it was translated as The 65 Lakh Heist.
Dacoits armed with pistols and swords appear in .
They frequently appeared in the French language Bob Morane series of novels by Henri Vernes, principally as the main thugs or assassins of the hero's recurring villain, Mr. Ming and in English as the agents of Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu.
See also
-
-
Organised crime in India
-
Criminal Tribes Act
Further reading
-
Phoolan Devi, with Marie-Therese Cuny, and Paul Rambali, The Bandit Queen of India: An Indian Woman's Amazing Journey from Peasant to International Legend Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, 2006
-
Mala Sen, India's Bandit Queen: The true Story of Phoolan Devi, HarperCollins Publishers (1991) .
-
G. K. Betham, The Story of a Dacoity, and the Lolapaur Week: An Up-Country Sketch. BiblioBazaar, 2008. .
-
Shyam Sunder Katare, Patterns of dacoity in India: a case study of Madhya Pradesh. S. Chand, 1972.
-
Mohammad Zahir Khan, Dacoity in Chambal Valley. National, 1981.
External links
