Croatisation or Croatization (; ) is a process of cultural assimilation, and its consequences, in which people or lands ethnically only partially Croats or non-Croatian become Croatian.
Croatisation of Italians in Dalmatia
Even with a predominant Croatian majority,
Dalmatia retained relatively large Italian-speaking communities in the coastal cities. Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the
Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy.
However, after 1866, when the
Veneto and
Friuli regions were ceded by the
Austrian Empire to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy, Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral,
Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy. As Italian was the language of administration, education, the press, and the
Austrian navy before 1859, people who wished to acquire higher social standing and separate from the
Slav peasantry became
Italians. In the years after 1866, Italians lost their privileges in
Austria-Hungary, their assimilation of the Slavs came to an end, and they found themselves under growing pressure by other rising nations; with the
rising Slav tide after 1890,
Italianization Slavs reverted to being Croats. Austrian rulers found use of the racial antagonism and financed Slav schools and promoted Croatian as the official language, and many Italians chose voluntary exile.
During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:[ Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)]
Dalmatia, especially its maritime cities, once had a substantial local Italian-speaking population (Dalmatian Italians). According to Austrian censuses, the Italian speakers in Dalmatia formed 12.5% of the population in 1865,
There are several reasons for the decrease of the Dalmatian Italian population following the rise of European nationalism in the 19th century:
-
The conflict with the Austrian rulers caused by the Italian " Risorgimento".
-
The emergence of Croatian nationalism and Italian irredentism (see Risorgimento), and the subsequent conflict of the two.
-
The emigration of many Dalmatians toward the growing industrial regions of northern Italy before World War I and North and South America.
-
Multi generational assimilation of anyone who married out of their social class and/or nationality – as perpetuated by similarities in education, religion, dual linguistic distribution, mainstream culture and economical output.
-
De-italianization of previously Italianization Slavic people.
While Slavic-speakers made up 80-95% of the Dalmatia populace, only Italian language schools existed until 1848, and due to restrictive voting laws, the Italian-speaking aristocratic minority retained political control of Dalmatia. Only after Austria liberalised elections in 1870, allowing more majority Slavs to vote, did Croatian parties gain control. Croatian finally became an official language in Dalmatia in 1883, along with Italian.
Yet minority Italian-speakers continued to wield strong influence, since Austria favoured Italians for government work, thus in the Austrian capital of Dalmatia,
Zadar, the proportion of Italians continued to grow, making it the only Dalmatian city with an Italian majority.
Both Italian language and Croatian were recognized as official languages in Dalmatia until 1909, when Italian lost its official status, thus it could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.["Italiani di Dalmazia: 1919-1924" di Luciano Monzali]
The majority of the Italian Dalmatian minority decided to transfer in the Kingdom of Italy.
During the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in World War II, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression. What remained of the Italian community in Dalmatia fled the area after World War II during the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus:[Društvo književnika Hrvatske, Bridge, Volume 1995, Numbers 9–10, Croatian literature series – Ministarstvo kulture, Croatian Writer's Association, 1989] from 1947, after the war, Dalmatian Italians were subject by Yugoslav authorities to forms of intimidation, such as nationalization, expropriation, and discriminatory taxation,
In 2001 about 500 Italians were counted in Dalmatia. In particular, according to the official Croatian census of 2011, there are 83 Italians in Split (equal to 0.05% of the total population), 16 in Šibenik (0.03%) and 27 in Dubrovnik (0.06%).
Croatisation in the NDH
during the World War II.
]]
The Croatisation during Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was aimed primarily towards Serbs, and to a lesser degree, towards Jews and Roma. The Ustaše aim was a "pure Croatia" and the main target was the ethnic Serb population of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ministers of NDH announced the goals and strategies of the Ustaše in May 1941. The same statements and similar or related ones were also repeated in public speeches by single ministers, such as Mile Budak in Gospić and, a month later, by Mladen Lorković.[Eric Gobetti, "L' occupazione allegra. Gli italiani in Jugoslavia (1941–1943)", Carocci, 2007, 260 pages; , , quoting from V. Novak, Sarajevo 1964 and Savez jevrejskih opstina FNR Jugoslavije, Beograd 1952]
-
One third of the Serbs (in the Independent State of Croatia) were to be forcibly converted to Catholicism
-
One third of the Serbs were to be expelled (ethnically cleansed)
-
One third of the Serbs were to be killed
A Croatian Orthodox Church was established in order to try and pacify the state as well as to Croatisize the remaining Serb population once the Ustaše realized that the complete eradication of Serbs in the NDH was unattainable.
Notable individuals who voluntarily Croatised
-
Dimitrija Demeter, a playwright who was the author of the first modern Croatian drama, was from a Greeks family.
-
Vatroslav Lisinski, a composer, was originally named Ignaz Fuchs. His Croatian name is a literal translation.
-
Bogoslav Šulek, a Lexicography and inventor of many Croatian scientific terms, was originally Bohuslav Šulek from Slovakia.
-
Stanko Vraz, a poet and the first professional writer in Croatia, was originally Jakob Frass from Slovenia.
-
August Šenoa, a Croatian novelist, poet and writer, is of German descent. His parents never learned the Croatian language, even when they lived in Zagreb.
-
Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, a geologist, palaeontologist and archaeologist who discovered Krapina man
-
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala was an inventor of Dutch/Polish origins. He added the name Slavoljub in order to Croatise.
-
Lovro Monti, Croatian politician, mayor of Knin. One of the leaders of the Croatian national movement in Dalmatia, he was of Italian roots.
-
Adolfo Veber Tkalčević, linguist of German descent
-
Ivan Zajc (born Giovanni von Seitz) a music composer was of German descent
Other
Notable individuals, of Croatian origin, partially
Magyarized through intermarriages and then
Croatized again, include families:
-
Keglević
-
Pejačević (Pejasevich)
-
Ladislav Pejačević
-
Teodor Pejačević
-
Dora Pejačević
-
George Martinuzzi
See also
Notes
Bibliography
