Chionophiles are any organisms (animals, plants, fungi, etc.) that can thrive in cold winter conditions (the word is derived from the Greek word chion meaning "snow", and -phile meaning "lover"). These animals have specialized that help them survive the harshest winters.["Winter: An Ecological Handbook", Page 74, James C. Halfpenny, Roy Ozanne, 1989, Johnson Publishing Company, USA]
Polar regions
Arctic animals
Animals such as
caribou,
, Arctic ground squirrels,
,
,
tundra swan,
snow goose, Steller's eiders and
willow ptarmigan all survive the harsh Arctic winters quite easily and some, like the willow ptarmigan, are only found in the Arctic region.
Antarctic animals
Antarctica, also known as the southern pole, is larger and can become much colder than the northern pole. As a result, few animals can survive on the mainland of Antarctica, and those that do mostly live near the coast. The few animals that live on the mainland are
birds such as
, grey-headed albatross,
imperial shag,
snowy sheathbill and the most well known inhabitant of Antarctica,
. The inhospitable environment helps to deter
Predation; the few predators that hunt on the mainland, including the south polar skua and the southern giant petrel, mainly prey upon chicks. Most Antarctic predators are found in the polar waters, including the
orca and the
leopard seal.
Polar adaptations
Normally when colder conditions arrive, animals go into a state of suspended animation called
hibernation, when they go into a state of inactivity for long periods of time, which they do not come out of until more suitable conditions for them to survive in arrive. However, when animals live in an environment that is inhospitable for much of the year, then hibernation is not necessary. One of the few animals that does so are
, which have a mass
animal migration after they come out of dormancy. However, most animals living in the arctic would still be active, even during the most brutal times of winter.
Aquatic animal animals such as
Greenland shark,
Anarhichadidae,
Atlantic cod,
Atlantic halibut and
Arctic char must cope with the sub-zero temperatures in their waters. Some aquatic
, such as
walrus,
Pinniped,
sea lion,
narwhals,
beluga whales and
killer whales, can store fat called
blubber that they use to help keep warm in the icy waters. Some
ungulates that live in frigid conditions often have pads under their hooves to help have a stronger tension on the icy ground or to help in climbing up on rocky terrain. But mammals that already have a pad under their foot such as
polar bears,
wolverines,
Arctic wolf and
will have fur under their pads to help keep their flesh concealed from the cold. Other mammals such as the
musk oxen can keep warm by growing long, shaggy
fur to help insulate heat. And this can be quickly
moulting off when warmer temperatures arrive. But with the
snowshoe hare it will change the color of its fur from white to brown or with patches of brown when it sheds off its winter coat. This is to help
camouflage itself in its new environment to match with the dirt during the summer or back again when it regrows its longer white fur to match with the snow during the winter.
Mountainous regions
Other chionophiles can be found on or near the equator and yet still live in freezing temperatures. This is mostly due to their geographical range, such as on high altitude mountains where it can reach very cold temperatures and have less oxygen the higher the altitude. These may include the Andes, the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush mountains, where animals such as
,
Cougar,
,
mountain sheep,
mountain goats,
ibex, vicuñas and
can thrive.
Known chionophiles
The following animals are known chionophiles:
See also
