Caithness (; ; [) is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland.
]
There are two towns, being Wick, which was the county town, and Thurso. The county includes the northernmost point of mainland Britain at Dunnet Head, and also the most north-easterly point at Duncansby Head near John o' Groats. The Flow Country is the largest blanket bog in Europe, and covers a large inland area in the west of the county. Caithness has a land boundary with the historic county of Sutherland to the west and is otherwise bounded by sea. The land boundary follows a drainage divide and is crossed by two roads (the A9 and the A836) and by one railway (the Far North Line). Across the Pentland Firth, ferries link Caithness with Orkney, and Caithness also has an airport at Wick. The Pentland Firth island of Stroma is within Caithness.
From the 9th century the Caithness area was ruled by the Jarl of Orkney, who at different times owed allegiance to both Norway and Scotland. Caithness subsequently became a separate provincial lordship from Orkney in the 14th century, being an earldom controlled by the Earl of Caithness. The name was also used for the Diocese of Caithness from the 12th century to the 17th century. The diocese was larger than the later county, also including Sutherland. A shire called Caithness covering the same area as the earldom was created in 1641, after a couple of earlier abortive attempts. Shires gradually eclipsed the old provinces in administrative importance, and also became known as counties.
The county ceased to be used for local government purposes in 1975, when the area became part of the Highland region, which in turn became a single-tier council area in 1996. There was a local government district called Caithness from 1975 to 1996, which was a lower-tier district within the Highland region. The pre-1975 county boundaries are still used for certain functions, being a registration county.
The Norn language was historically the language of everyday communication for people in Caithness, but was gradually overtaken by Scots and then English. Norn had probably become extinct in Caithness by the 15th century.
Toponymy
The Caith element of the name Caithness comes from the name of a Picts tribe known as the Cat, Catt or Catti people, whose Kingdom of Cat covered what would become Caithness and parts of Sutherland from the 9th century. The -ness element comes from Old Norse and means "headland". The Norse called the area Katanes ("headland of the Catt people"), and over time this became Caithness.[
Gaelic and Norse in the Landscape: Placenames in Caithness and Sutherland . Scottish National Heritage. pp.7–8.
]
The Scottish Gaelic name for Caithness, Gallaibh, means "among the strangers", referring to the Norse. The name of the Catti survives in the Gaelic name for eastern Sutherland, Cataibh,[ and in the old Gaelic name for Shetland, Innse Chat.
]
Geography
Caithness extends about north-south and about east-west, with a roughly triangular-shaped area of about . The topography is generally flat, in contrast to the majority of the remainder of the North of Scotland. Until the latter part of the 20th century when large areas were planted in , this level profile was rendered still more striking by the almost total absence of woodland.
It is a land of open, rolling farmland, moorland and scattered settlements. The county is fringed to the north and east by dramatic coastal scenery and is home to large, internationally important colonies of seabirds. The surrounding waters of the Pentland Firth and the North Sea hold a great diversity of marine life. Notable features of the north coast are Sandside Bay, Thurso Bay and Dunnet Bay, Dunnet Head (the northernmost point of Britain) and Duncansby Head (the north-east tip of Britain); along the east coast can be found Freswick Bay, Sinclairs Bay and Wick Bay. To the north in Pentland Firth lies Stroma, the only major island of the county. Away from the coast, the landscape is dominated by open moorland and blanket bog known as the Flow Country which is the largest expanse of blanket bog in Europe, extending into Sutherland. This is divided up along the straths (river ) by more fertile farm and croft land. In the far south the landscape is slightly hillier, culminating in Morven, the highest peak in the county at 706 m (2,316 ft).
The county contains a number of lochs, though these are smaller in comparison with the rest of northern Scotland. The most prominent are Loch Heilen, St. John's Loch, Loch Watten, Loch More, Loch Shurrery, Loch Calder and Loch Mey.
The underlying geology of most of Caithness is Old Red Sandstone to an estimated depth of over . This consists of the cemented sediments of Orcadian Basin, which is believed to have stretched from Shetland to Grampian during the Devonian period, about 370 million years ago. Fossilised fish and plant remains are found between the layers of sediment. Older metamorphic rock is apparent in the Scaraben and Ord area, in the relatively high southwest area of the county. Caithness's highest point (Morven) is in this area.
Because of the ease with which the sandstone splits to form large flat slabs (flagstone) it is an especially useful building material, and has been used as such since Neolithic times.
Natural heritage
Caithness is one of the Watsonian vice-counties, subdivisions of Great Britain and Ireland which are used largely for the purposes of biological recording and other scientific data-gathering. The vice-counties were introduced by Hewett Cottrell Watson, who first used them in the third volume of his Cybele Britannica, published in 1852.
The underlying geology, harsh climate, and long history of human occupation have shaped the natural heritage of Caithness. Today a diverse landscape incorporates both common and rare habitats and species, and Caithness provides a stronghold for many once common breeding species that have undergone serious declines elsewhere, such as , water voles, and flocks of bird migration birds.
Many rare mammals, birds, and fish have been sighted or caught in and around Caithness waters. , dolphins (including Risso's, bottle-nosed, common dolphin, Atlantic white-sided, and white-beaked dolphins), and minke whale and long-finned pilot whales[ALISTAIRMUNRO. 2017. VIDEO: Amazing footage of pilot whales and Risso’s dolphins off the coast of Caithness . The Press and Journal. 30 September 2017] are regularly seen from the shore and boats. Both grey seal and come close to the shore to feed, rest, and raise their pups; a significant population over-winters on small islands in the Thurso river only a short walk from the town centre. can be seen close to river mouths in some of the quieter locations.
Much of the centre of Caithness is known as the Flow Country, a large, rolling expanse of and wetland that is the largest expanse of blanket bog in Europe. Around of the Flow Country is protected as both a Special Protection Area (SPA) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the name Caithness and Sutherland Peatlands,
In 2014 of the eastern coastline of Caithness between Helmsdale and Wick was declared a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area under the title East Caithness Cliffs.
History
The Caithness landscape is rich with the remains of pre-historic occupation. These include the Grey Cairns of Camster, the Stone Lud, the Hill O Many Stanes, a complex of sites around Loch of Yarrows near Thrumster, and over 100 . A prehistoric souterrain structure at Caithness has been likened to discoveries at Midgarth and on Shapinsay.
The study of Caithness prehistory is well represented in the county by groups including Yarrows Heritage Trust,
Numerous coastal castles (now mostly ruins) are Norway (West Norse) in their foundations.[Scholarly essays in J.R. Baldwion and I.D. Whyte, eds. The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic (Edinburgh University Press) 1993, give an overview.] When the Norsemen arrived, probably in the 10th century, the county was inhabited by the Picts,
Norse settlers landed in the county, and gradually established themselves around the coast. On the Latheron (south) side, they extended their settlements as far as Berriedale. Many of the names of places are Norse in origin.
The area was anciently part of the Picts kingdom of Cat, which also included Sutherland. It was conquered in the 9th century by Sigurd Eysteinsson, Jarl of Orkney. The Jarls owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown. The Scottish crown claimed the overlordship of the Caithness and Sutherland area from Norway in 1098.
The Diocese of Caithness was established in the 12th century. The bishop's seat was initially at Halkirk, but in the early 13th century was moved to Dornoch Cathedral (now in Sutherland), which was begun in 1224.
Caithness became a separate earldom during the 14th century, under the Feudalism control of the Earl of Caithness. The title Earl of Caithness had sometimes been used by the mormaers who were also Jarls of Orkney; the earldoms had been separated by the time David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn was made Earl of Caithness, sometime between 1375 and 1377.
Shire and county
In terms of shires (areas where justice was administered by a sheriff), the north of mainland Scotland was all included in the Inverness-shire from the 12th century.
An act of parliament in 1504 acknowledged that the shire of Inverness was too big for the effective administration of justice, and so declared Ross and Caithness to be separate shires. The boundary used for the shire of Caithness created in 1504 was the diocese of Caithness, which included Sutherland. The Sheriff of Caithness was directed to hold courts at either Dornoch or Wick.
Caithness was restored to being a shire in 1641.[ The shire of Caithness created in 1641 just covered the earldom of Caithness; Sutherland had been made its own shire in 1633.]
Over time, Scotland's shires became more significant than the old provinces, with more administrative functions being given to the sheriffs. In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the English term 'county' came to be used interchangeably with the older term 'shire'.
Following the Jacobite rising of 1745, the government passed the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746, returning the appointment of sheriffs to the crown in those cases where they had become hereditary positions, as had been the case in Caithness.[Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747]
Although Wick had been declared the head burgh of the shire in 1641, for much of the next 200 years the sheriff held most courts and had his clerk's offices in Thurso. In 1828 a new Town and County Hall (now known as Wick Town Hall) was completed on Bridge Street in Wick, jointly funded by Wick Town Council and the county's commissioners of supply. Whilst it was under construction, the Wick authorities took legal action against the sheriff, successfully securing an order requiring him to hold regular courts and have his clerk's offices in Wick.
Elected county councils were established in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking most of the functions of the commissioners of supply (which were eventually abolished in 1930). Caithness County Council held its first meeting on 22 May 1890 at the Town and County Hall in Wick.
The 1889 Act also led to a review of boundaries, with parish and county boundaries being adjusted to eliminate cases where parishes straddled county boundaries. The parish of Reay had straddled Sutherland and Caithness prior to the act; the county boundary was retained, but the part of Reay parish in Sutherland was transferred to the parish of Farr in 1891.
Since 1975
Local government was reformed in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which replaced Scotland's counties, burghs and landward districts with a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Caithness became part of the Highland Region. At the district level there was a Caithness District, which initially covered the pre-1975 county plus the parishes of Farr and Tongue from Sutherland.
Caithness District Council was based at the former county council's headquarters at the County Offices in Wick, and held its meetings alternating between Wick Town Hall and Thurso Town Hall.
Further local government reforms in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the regions and districts created in 1975 abolished and replaced with single-tier . The former Highland region became one of the new council areas.
The Highland Council has an area committee called the Caithness Committee, comprising the councillors representing the wards which approximately cover the Caithness area. The council also marks the historic county boundaries with road signs.
Parishes
Parishes existed from medieval times. From 1845 to 1894 they had parish boards and from 1894 to 1930 they had parish councils. They have had no administrative functions since 1930, but continue to be used for the presentation of statistics.
Following the 1891 parish boundary changes, Caithness contained the following civil parishes:[
]
Halkirk was formed at the Reformation by the merger of the ancient parishes of Halkirk and Skinnet.
Community councils
Community councils were created in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. They have no statutory powers, but serve as a representative body for their communities. The Highland Council designates community council areas, but a community council is only formed if there is sufficient interest from the residents. Since a review in 2019, Caithness has comprised the following communities, of which all except Bower have community councils operating as at 2024:
Parliamentary constituency
The Caithness constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (1708 to 1801) and the Parliament of the United Kingdom (1801 to 1918) represented essentially the county from 1708 to 1918. At the same time however, the county town of Wick was represented as a component of Tain Burghs until 1832 and of Wick Burghs until 1918.
Between 1708 and 1832 the Caithness constituency was paired with Buteshire as alternating constituencies: one constituency elected a member of parliament (MP) to one parliament and then the other elected an MP to the next. Between 1832 and 1918 Caithness elected an MP to every parliament.
In 1918 the Caithness constituency and Wick were merged into the then new constituency of Caithness and Sutherland. In 1997 Caithness and Sutherland was merged into Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross.
The Scottish Parliament constituency of Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross was created in 1999 and now has boundaries slightly different from those of the House of Commons constituency. It was replaced by the larger constituency of Caithness, Sutherland and Ross in 2011.
The modern constituencies may be seen as more sub-divisions of the Highland area than as representative of counties (and burghs). For its own purposes, however, the Highland Council uses more conservative sub-divisions, with names which refer back to the era of district councils and, in some cases, county councils.
In the Scottish Parliament Caithness is represented also as part of the Highlands and Islands electoral region.
Towns and villages
In 2021, Caithness had a resident population of 25,347[ "Caithness: Partnership Profile Demography and Deprivation", NHS, November 2022] (26,486 in 2011).
There are two towns in Caithness: Thurso and Wick. 54% of the population live in one of those towns.
There are also a few villages large enough to have amenities such as a shop, a cafe, a post office, a hotel, a church or a bank. These include Castletown, Dunbeath, Dunnet, Halkirk, John o' Groats, Keiss, Lybster, Reay/New Reay, Scrabster and Watten.
Other, smaller settlements include:
Dunbeath
Transport
Caithness is served by the Far North railway line, which runs west–east across the middle of the county serving Altnabreac and Scotscalder before splitting in two at Georgemas Junction, from where the east branch continues to Wick whilst the north branch terminates at Thurso.
Stagecoach Group provided bus transport between the major towns, and on to Inverness via Sutherland and Ross-shire.
The ferry port at Scrabster provides a regular service to Stromness in the Orkney Islands. Ferries also run from Gills Bay to St Margaret's Hope on South Ronaldsay. A summer-only ferry runs from John o' Groats to Burwick on South Ronaldsay.
Wick Airport provided regular flights to Aberdeen and Edinburgh until 2020 when Loganair and Eastern Airways cancelled their flights.
Language
At the beginning of recorded history, Caithness was inhabited by the Picts, whose language Pictish language is thought to have been related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Celtic Britons to the south. The Norn language was introduced to Caithness, Orkney, and Shetland by the Norse occupation, which is generally proposed to be c. AD 800.[The Viking age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, Edinburgh University Press , page 121] Although little is known of that Norn dialect, some of this linguistic influence still exists in parts of the county, particularly in place names. Norn continued to be spoken in Caithness until perhaps the 15th century.[Jones, Charles (1997). The Edinburgh history of the Scots language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 394.] and lingered until the late 18th century in the Northern Isles.
It is sometimes erroneously claimed that Gaelic has never been spoken in Caithness, but this is a result of language shift to Scots language,[John Jamieson (1808), An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language.][The New Statistical Account of Scotland (1845) Vol. XV][Transactions of the Hawick Archaeological Society (1863)][Murray, James A. H. (1873) The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, Transactions of the Philological Society, Part II, 1870–72. London-Berlin, Asher & Co.][Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press.][The Scottish National Dictionary (1929–1976) vol. I] and then towards Standard Scottish English during recent centuries.[The Viking age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic, Edinburgh University Press , page 125] Gaelic has survived, in a limited form, in western parts of the county.
Scots language began supplanting Norn in the early 14th century at the time of the Wars of Scottish Independence.[Mairi Robinson (editor-in-chief), The Concise Scots Dictionary, Aberdeen University Press, 1985 p.x] The emergent Northern Scots dialect became influenced by both Gaelic and Norn[McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 191] and is generally spoken in the lowlying land to the east of a line drawn from Clyth Ness to some west of Thurso.
Records showing what languages were spoken apparently do not exist from before 1706, but by that time, "If ye suppose a Parallel to the hypotenuse drawn from Week to Thurso, these on the Eastside of it speak most part English, and those on the Westside Irish; and the last have Ministers to preach to them in both languages." Similarly, it is stated at that time that there were "Seven parishes out in the Caithness where the Irish language is used."[ Caithness of the Gael and the Lowlander ]
As previously indicated, the language mix or boundary changed over time, but the New Statistical Record in 1841 says: "On the eastern side of the scarcely a word of Gaelic was either spoken or understood, and on the west side, English suffered the same fate". Other sources state:
-
"There are Seven parishes in the Caithness where the Irish language is used, viz. Thurso, Halkrig Halkirk, Rhae Reay, Lathrone Latheron, Ffar Farr, Week Wick, Duirness Durness. But the people of Week understand English also." (Presbytery of Caithness, 1706)
-
"A presbytery minute of 1727 says of 1,600 people who had 'come of age', 1500 could speak Gaelic only, and a mere five could read. Gaelic at this time was the principal language in most parishes except Bower, Canisbay, Dunnet and Olrig".
[Omand, D. From the Vikings to the Forty-Five, in The Caithness book.]
-
"Persons with a knowledge of Gaelic in the County of Caithness (in 1911) are found to number 1,685, and to constitute 6.7 per cent of the entire population of three years of age and upwards. Of these 1,248 were born in Caithness, 273 in Sutherland, 77 in Ross & Cromarty, and 87 elsewhere.... By an examination of the age distribution of the Gaelic speakers, it is found that only 22 of them are less than 20 years of age."
[J. Patten MacDougall, Registrar General, 1912]
According to the 2011 Scotland Census, 282 (1.1%) residents of Caithness age three and over can speak Gaelic while 466 (1.8%) have some facility with the language. The percentage figures are almost exactly the same as for all of Scotland (1.1% and 1.7%, respectively).[ 2011 Scotland Census , Table QS211SC.] Nearly half of all Gaelic speakers in the county live in Thurso civil parish. The town of Thurso hosts the only Gaelic-medium primary school unit in all of Caithness (see Language in Thurso).
The bilingual road sign policy of Highland Region Council has led to some controversy in the region. In 2008, eight of the ten Caithness representatives to the Highland Council tried to prevent the introduction of bilingual English-Gaelic road signs into the county.[" Bid to exclude Gaelic signs fails ", BBC News, 6 March 2008.] The first bilingual sign in Caithness was erected in 2012.[Gordon Calder, " New bilingual sign sparks fresh wrangle ," John O'Groat Journal, 10 August 2012.] In 2013, a bilingual road sign on the A99 road next to Wick Airport was damaged by gunfire within 24 hours of it being placed. Gaelic-speaking Councillor Alex MacLeod, at the time representing Landward Caithness in the Highland Council, referred to it as "an extreme anti-Gaelic incident".[Alisdair Munro, " ‘Anti-Gaelic gunmen’ shoot road sign in Caithness ", The Scotsman, 5 September 2013.]
Flag
In 2016 a flag was adopted for Caithness, following a competition organised by the Highland Council.
Local media
Newspapers
The John O'Groat Journal and The Caithness Courier are weekly newspapers published by Scottish Provincial Press Limited
News coverage tends to concentrate on the former counties of Caithness and Sutherland. The John O'Groat Journal is normally published on Fridays and The Caithness Courier on Wednesdays. The two papers share a website.
Historically, they have been independent newspapers, with the Groat as a Wick-centred paper and the Courier as a Thurso-centred paper. Even now, the Groat is archived in the public library in Wick, while the Courier is similarly archived in the library in Thurso. The Courier was printed, almost by hand, in a small shop in High Street, Thurso until the early 60's by Mr Docherty and his daughter. The Courier traditionally covers that week's cases at Wick Sheriff Court.
Radio
Caithness FM has been broadcasting since 1993 and the Orkney Commercial Radio, Superstation Orkney from Kirkwall from 2004 to 2014.
See also
Constituencies
-
Caithness (UK Parliament constituency) (1708 to 1918)
-
Tain Burghs (UK Parliament constituency) (1708 to 1832)
-
Wick Burghs (UK Parliament constituency) (1832 to 1918)
-
Caithness and Sutherland (UK Parliament constituency) (1918 to 1997)
-
Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross (UK Parliament constituency) (1997 to present)
-
Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross (Scottish Parliament constituency) (1999 to 2011)
-
Caithness, Sutherland and Ross (Scottish Parliament constituency) (2011 to present)
Other
-
Caithness Broch Project
-
Caithness Glass
-
Clan Gunn
-
Clan Sinclair
-
Counties of Scotland
-
List of counties of Scotland 1890–1975
-
Local government in Scotland
-
Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996
-
Maiden Paps, Caithness
-
Medieval Diocese of Caithness
-
Politics of the Highland council area
-
Subdivisions of Scotland
External links
